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Boeing Creek

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Template:Geobox Boeing Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Washington, located in the city of Shoreline, just north of Seattle. It is about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) long and empties into Puget Sound.[1] The creek is heavily modified along its course, and in many places has been diverted into culverts. The watershed of Boeing Creek is about 11.2 square miles (29 km2) in size, with two main tributaries aside from the mainstem. The creek takes its name from William Boeing, who built a mansion along the creek in 1913. Despite the river modifications and stormwater pollution, the creek supports a variety of riparian habitats, native animals and fishes.

Course

Boeing Creek's original headwaters have been placed into underground pipes. The creek's main stem emerges from storm drain culverts at the intersection of Greenwood Ave and Carlyle Hall Road, which is considered its source, 47°45′02″N 122°21′27″W / 47.7506531°N 122.3576292°W / 47.7506531; -122.3576292 (Boeing Creek source).[2] The creek flows along the Shoreline Community College campus, through Boeing Creek Park (the northern part of Shoreview Park). At the west end of the park the creek empties into Hidden Lake, 47°45′05″N 122°22′16″W / 47.7514864°N 122.3712408°W / 47.7514864; -122.3712408.[3] Boeing Creek exits Hidden Lake through a culvert under Innis Arden Way and flows west through a ravine and under BNSF's railroad tracks before emptying into Puget Sound.[1]

There are two main tributary forks of Boeing Creek. The northern fork emerges from a culvert in Boeing Creek Park. Its water comes from drainage pipes beneath 6th Avenue.[4] This fork joins the main stem in Boeing Creek Park. Another tributary fork rises in the neighborhoods of Shoreview Hills and The Highlands and flows north to join Boeing Creek below Hidden Lake.[1]

The lowermost portion of Boeing Creek flows between the neighborhoods of The Highlands and Innis Arden.[5] The Highlands is an exclusive gated community designed by the Olmsted Brothers in 1909.[6] This portion of the creek is not accessible to the public.

During high flow events, additional water from pipes beneath 175th Street enters Boeing Creek Park, flowing into a stormwater detention basin, then into the northern fork of Boeing Creek.[4]

Discharge

King County operated six stream gages on Boeing Creek during the 1990s. Gage 04j, called "Boeing Creek off Beach DR", was the furthest downstream at approximately river mile 0.4. It operated from August 7, 1991 to March 19, 1993. The maximum daily discharge measured was 16.86 cu ft/s (0.477 m3/s). The minimum daily discharge was 1.06. The mean discharge over the life of the gage was 2.7 cu ft/s (0.076 m3/s).[7]

Watershed

According to Rich Ellison, Boeing Creek's watershed is 11.74 square miles (30.4 km2) large and includes 3.4 miles (5.5 km) of Puget Sound shoreline.[1] The watershed is almost entirely within the city of Shoreline, reaching north nearly to the Snohomish County line. Its southern extent reaches slightly into the city of Seattle.[1] Boeing Creek's watershed borders, to the west, the watersheds of McAleer Creek, Thornton Creek, and Lyons Creek.[1] King County maps Boeing Creek's watershed slightly differently. According to King County the watershed is completely contained within the City of Shoreline.[8]

History

In 1913 William Boeing, founder of the Boeing company, had a mansion built in The Highlands neighborhood, along Boeing Creek. He lived by himself until 1921, when he married and started a family.[9] In time the creek came to be named after Boeing. Earlier names included Hidden Creek and Hidden Lake Creek. The senior water rights on the stream, those of William Boeing and the Seattle Golf and Country Club, call it "unnamed stream".[10] The official USGS name, Boeing Creek, was entered into the GNIS database on September 10, 1979.[2] Boeing owned much of the lower creek, including today's Shoreview and Boeing Creek Parks. He used the land primarily as a hunting retreat and had a small dam made, creating Hidden Lake which he used as a private fishing pond.[4] In the 1930s Boeing platted and logged 400 acres (1.6 km2) north of Boeing Creek and sold the land to developers. The Innis Arden neighborhood began to be developed on this land after World War II. The land that today is Boeing Creek Park was partially logged, leaving a number of large mature conifers, some over 200 feet (61 m) tall. It is unclear why the area was only partially logged. The steep slopes may have made it too costly to fully log.[4]

Much of Boeing Creek's upper course, to Hidden Lake, is within Boeing Creek Park, the northern part of Shoreview Park. Run by the City of Shoreline, these parks together span 88 acres (360,000 m2).[11] William Boeing transferred the land that is now Shoreview Park to the Shoreline School District. In the mid-1970s land was cleared south of Hidden Lake for the construction of Shoreview High School. Funding failed and the school was never built. The cleared and terraced site has become infested with invasive species such as Scotch broom and Himalayan blackberry. In 1977 King County purchased the land from the Shoreline School District and established Shoreview Park. The City of Shoreline assumed ownership of Shoreview Park and adjoining Boeing Creek Park in 1997. Trails in these parks allow access to the middle portion of Boeing Creek. A few trails are official and maintained, including one that runs along the creek to Hidden Lake. There are a large number of "social trails" as well, which often climb steep, unstable slopes, increasing erosion and overall stream degradation.[4] The lower portion of the creek, below Hidden Lake, is not accessible to the general public. Innis Arden does maintain a private trail for their residents that starts just below Hidden Lake and goes to the creeks end.

Geology

The geology of the Boeing Creek's watershed is dominated by sands, gravels, and silts created during the last glacial period.[4] Materials present include subglacial tills made up of silt, sand, and gravel particles; advance outwash deposits, made up of well-sorted sands and gravels; and transitional beds, made up of compacted clay, silt, and sometimes sand.[4]

Natural history

Fish

Salmonid use that has been documented in Boeing Creek include chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sea run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki).[1] A study done in 1994 found juvenile coho salmon in the lower portion of Boeing Creek, below the Seattle Golf Course Dam.[12] The same study found cutthroat trout below in most of Boeing Creek, up to the King County M1 R/D pond, near the creek's source.[13] The Salmon Watchers Program have observed a site on river mile 0.1 of Boeing Creek since 2000. Coho and chum salmon are commonly seen, with fish counts ranging up to 160 chum salmon in 2003 and 89 coho salmon in 2001. Two chinook salmon were observed in 2000.[14]

Fish populations are hindered by two storm water detention systems: the M-1 Dam (or "Boeing Creek Detention Facility"), an in-stream retention device on the main fork, and the Retention-Detention Ponds, an off-channel system in Boeing Creek Park.[1] Three other structures influence stream ecology: Hidden Lake and its associated dam; an artificial waterfall, about ten feet high, constructed from concrete, just downstream from Innis Arden Way; and the "Seattle Country Club Golf Course Dam", a metal dam and pump station about 200 meters downstream of Innis Arden Way, which forms of reservoir that supplies the Seattle Country Club golf course with irrigation water. None of the dams provide fish passage and therefore present a total barrier, limiting stream use by anadromous species to the lower third of the creek.[1]

Vegetation

The riparian forest along Boeing Creek in Boeing Creek Park is an intact native ecosystem, mostly free of invasive species. There are a number of mature conifers that escaped being logged, including 200-foot (61 m) tall Douglas-fir and Western White Pine trees.[4] Salmonberry shrubs are common along the creek. In some areas invasive species such as Scotch broom, Himalayan blackberry, English ivy, and Herb Robert are present. The native species of Sword fern and Stinging nettle are common.[4]

Modifications

Early modifications of Boeing Creek include the logging of the creek's watershed, the creation of Hidden Lake, and the construction of the Seattle Country Club Golf Course Dam. The creek's mouth was crossed by railway tracks, today owned by BNSF, running along the edge of Puget Sound.

In the 1960s a Sears mall complex was built at Aurora Avenue and 160th Street, covering Boeing Creek's wetland headwaters.[1] This and other urban development placed about 2 miles (3.2 km) of what had been upper Boeing Creek into a patchwork of pipes, most of which are on private property. Within this area there is one 400-foot (120 m) segment that flows free from pipes, located in Darnell Park. However a lack of detention facilities and an undersized pipe causes flooding in the vicinity of Darnell Park and contributes to erosive flows downstream. The City of Shoreline is planning on improving the drainage and reducing downstream erosion by building a detention basin and replacing the pipe.[15]

The creek's watershed was heavily urbanized after World War II, altering the runoff and discharge patterns. Increased runoff into Boeing Creek during rainy weather has caused more intense erosion and sediment transport, leading to the build-up of sediment in Hidden Lake. In the 1970s heavy rains flushed enough sediment down the creek to completely fill Hidden Lake, which became a meadow. Subsequently, King County Surface Water Division began efforts to control stormwater runoff in Boeing Creek's watershed. In 1996 dredging work restored Hidden Lake. On January 1, 1997, a winter storm created a large sinkhole which ruptured sewer lines on 175th Street, resulting in the Hidden Lake being filled with sediment again. The lake was dredged and restored again.[4] The city of Shoreline budgets money for dredging Hidden Lake as needed and continues to seek a long-term solution to the problems of increased storm surge runoff, erosion, and sedimentation.[16]

King County built a stormwater control system in Boeing Creek Park. A large detention basin stores water during storms, reducing the creek's flood risk. The detention basin is augmented by an underground storage pipe designed to temporarily store up to 500,000 gallons of wastewater during large storms. This storage pipe is located under the detention basin in Boeing Creek Park. The pipe is 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter and about 640 feet (200 m) long. Completed in 2007 by King County Public Works, the pipe's purpose is to help keep wastewater within the sewer system and reduce overflows into Puget Sound. The pipe conveys wastewater to the Hidden Lake Pump Station.[17] At the same time the Hidden Lake Pump Station, located on Hidden Lake, was replaced in order to increase capacity. The old pump station lacked capacity, resulting in about three overflows into Puget Sound per year.[18] Another related wastewater projet is the Boeing Creek Trunk Sewer Replacement. A major wastewater conveyance pipe, the Boeing Creek Trunk (BCT) was under capacity and had deteriorated with age. During heavy rain storms wastewater sometimes overflowed from manholes and into Puget Sound.[19] These projects were all part of the Hidden Lake Pump Station replacement and sewer improvement project. Construction of this overall project began in 2006. The underground storage pipe in Boeing Creek Park was finished in 2007, Boeing Creek Trunk in 2008, and the Hidden Lake Pump Station in 2009.[20] All of these wastewater systems are located very close to Boeing Creek, although the Boeing Creek Trunk extends north out of the creek's watershed.[21] The City of Shoreline is planning additional stormwater management projects to reduce flooding and improve Boeing Creek's hydrology. Construction of the Pan Terra Pond and Pump Improvement Project began in 2009.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Professor Rich Ellison. "Boeing Creek Nature Trail (Powerpoint presentation)" (PPT). Retrieved March 04, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Boeing Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  3. ^ "Hidden Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elman, Ella (2008). "Boeing Creek and Shoreview Parks Vegetation Management Plan" (PDF). Seattle Urban Nature. Retrieved March 04, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ The Thomas Guide: King, Pierce & Snohomish Counties; Street Guide. Rand McNally. 2005. ISBN 0-528-95587-X.
  6. ^ Christensen, Maria (2007). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to and Living in Seattle. First Books. p. 55. ISBN 9780912301730. online at Google Books
  7. ^ "Gage Metadata, 04j - Boeing Creek off Beach DR". King County Water and Land Resources Division, Hydrologic Information Center. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
  8. ^ "Map of King County Watershed" (PDF). King County. Retrieved March 04, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ "Wayne Cottingham v. Ecology". State of Washington Environmental Hearings Office. Retrieved March 04, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ^ "City of Shoreline habitat assessment". Seattle Urban Nature. Retrieved March 06, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. ^ "Known Freshwater Distribution of Coho Salmon". King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division. Retrieved March 06, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ "Known Freshwater Distribution of Cutthroat Trout". King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division. Retrieved March 06, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ^ "Salmon Watcher Reports". King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division. Retrieved March 06, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ "East Boeing Creek Drainage Improvements". City of Shoreline, Public Works. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  15. ^ "Council Meeting Minutes, September 8, 2008". City of Shoreline. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  16. ^ "Hidden Lake Sewer Improvement Project: new underground storage pipe" (PDF). King County, Washington. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  17. ^ "New Hidden Lake Pump Station" (PDF). King County, Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  18. ^ "Boeing Creek Trunk Sewer Replacement" (PDF). King County, Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  19. ^ "Hidden Lake Pump Station replacement and sewer improvement". King County, Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  20. ^ "Hidden Lake Pump Station replacement and sewer improvement". King County, Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  21. ^ "Pan Terra Pond and Pump Improvement Project". City of Shoreline, Public Works. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
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