Book of Armagh

The Book of Armagh or Codex Ardmachanus (ar or 61), also known as the Canon of Patrick and the Liber Ar(d)machanus, is a 9th-century Irish illuminated manuscript written mainly in Latin. It is held by the Library of Trinity College, Dublin (MS 52). The document is valuable for containing early texts relating to St Patrick and some of the oldest surviving specimens of Old Irish, and for being one of the earliest manuscripts produced by an insular church to contain a near complete copy of the New Testament.

History

The manuscript was once reputed to have belonged to St. Patrick and, at least in part, to be a product of his hand. Research has determined, however, that the earliest part of the manuscript was the work of a scribe named Ferdomnach of Armagh (died 845 or 846). Ferdomnach wrote the first part of the book in 807 or 808, for Patrick's heir (comarba) Torbach. Two other scribes are known to have assisted him.

The people of medieval Ireland placed a great value on this manuscript. Along with the Bachal Isu, or Staff of Jesus, it was one of the two symbols of the office for the Archbishop of Armagh. The custodianship of the book was an important office that eventually became hereditary in the MacMoyre family. It remained in the hands of the MacMoyre family in the townland of Ballymoyer near Whitecross, County Armagh until the late 17th century. Its last hereditary keeper was Florence MacMoyer. By 1707 it was in the possession of the Brownlow family of Lurgan. It remained in the Brownlow family until 1853 when it was sold to the Irish antiquary, Dr William Reeves. In 1853, Reeves sold the Book to John George de la Poer Beresford, Archbishop of Armagh, who presented it to Trinity College, Dublin,^[1] where it can be read online using the Digital Collections portal of the Trinity College library.

Manuscript

The book measures 7.75 by 5.75 inches (19.7 by 14.6 cm). There are 221 folios of vellum. The text is written in two columns in a fine pointed insular minuscule. The manuscript contains four miniatures, one each of the four Evangelists' symbols. Some of the letters have been colored red, yellow, green, or black. The manuscript is associated with a tooled-leather satchel, believed to be of great antiquity.

It contains text of Vulgate, but there are many Old Latin readings in the Acts and Pauline epistles.^[2]

Illumination

The manuscript has three full-page drawings, and a number of decorated initials in typical Insular style. Folio 32v shows the four Evangelists' symbols in compartments in ink, the eagle of John resembling that of the Book of Dimma. Elsewhere yellow, red, blue and green are used.^[3]

Dating of the Manuscript

The dating of the manuscript goes back to Rev. Charles Graves, who deciphered in 1846 from partially erased colophons the name of the Scribe Ferdomnach and the bishop Torbach who ordered the Book. According to the Annals of the Four Masters Torbach died in 808 and Ferdomnach in 847. As Torbach became bishop in 807 and died in 808 the manuscript must have been written around this time. Unfortunately to make the writing better visible Graves used a chemical solution and this had the effect that the writing related to the scribe and bishop is not readable any more. ^[4]

The first part contains important early texts relating to St. Patrick. These include two Lives of St. Patrick, one by Muirchu Maccu Machteni and one by Tírechán. Both texts were originally written in the 7th century. The manuscript also includes other miscellaneous works about St. Patrick, including the Liber Angueli (or the Book of the Angel), in which St. Patrick is given the primatial rights and prerogatives of Armagh by an angel. Some of these texts are in Old Irish and are the earliest surviving continuous prose narratives in that language. The only Old Irish texts of greater age are some fragmentary glosses found in manuscripts on the Continent.

Muirchu, Vita sancti Patricii
Tírechán, Collectanea
notulae in Latin and Irish on St. Patrick's acts, and additamenta, charter-like documents later inserted into the manuscript
Liber Ang(u)eli ('The Book of the Angel') (640 x 670), written in Ferdomnach's hand
St. Patrick, Confessio in abbreviated form

New Testament material

The manuscript also includes significant portions of the New Testament, based on the Vulgate, but with variations characteristic of insular texts. In addition, prefatory matter including prefaces to Paul's Epistles (most of which are by Pelagius), the Canon Tables of Eusebius, and the Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus are included.

New Testament:
- Preface to the New Testament
- Interpretation of Hebrew names
- Gospels of Matthew, Mark, John and Luke
- Acts of the Apostles
- Epistles of Paul, including the Epistle to the Laodiceans
  - with prefaces, chiefly by Pelagius
- Epistles of James,
- Epistles of Peter,
- Epistles of John
- Jude
- Book of Revelation
St Jerome, Letter to Damasus
Eusebius, Canon Tables

Life of St Martin

The manuscript closes with the Life of St. Martin of Tours by Sulpicius Severus.

Bibliography

Editions and translations

Edward Gwynn Book of Armagh: the Patrician Documents. Irish Manuscripts Commission. Facsimiles in Collotype of Irish manuscripts 3. Dublin, 1937. Facsimile edition.
John Gwynn (Syriacist) Liber Ardmachanus: the Book of Armagh. Dublin, 1913.
Bieler, Ludwig (ed. and tr.). The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh. Scriptores Latini Hiberniae 10. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1979.
Stokes, Whitley. Irish Glosses. Dublin, 1860. Includes Old Irish glosses from the manuscript. Available from Internet Archive here and here.

Secondary literature

Sharpe, Richard. "Palaeographical Considerations in the Study of the Patrician Documents in the Book of Armagh." Scriptorium 36 (1982): 3–28.

References

^ Atkinson, E.D., R.S.A.I. (1911). Dromore An Ulster Diocese, p.19.
^ Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament, Oxford University Press, 1977, pp. 305, 341.
^ Mitchell, George Frank, Treasures of Irish art, 1500 B.C.-1500 A.D.: from the collections of the National Museum of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College, Dublin (etc), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977, ISBN 0394428072, 9780394428079, No. 43, p. 143, with f.43v illustrated on a full page shortly before. Fully online (PDF) from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
^ Sharpe, Richard (1982). "Palaeographical Considerations in the Study of the Patrician Documents in the Book of Armagh". Scriptorium: International Review of Manuscript Studies. 36: 3–28.

External links

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Book of Armagh" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
The Book of Armagh at archive.org
Saint Patrick's Confessio Hypertext Stack a project by the Royal Irish Academy freely provides digital facsimiles of the Patrician Documents in the Book of Armagh
Trinity College Digital Collections with images of the complete codex.
Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D., an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Book of Armagh (cat. no. 43 & 67)

[1] Atkinson, E.D., R.S.A.I. (1911). Dromore An Ulster Diocese, p.19.

[Metzger-2] Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament, Oxford University Press, 1977, pp. 305, 341.

[3] Mitchell, George Frank, Treasures of Irish art, 1500 B.C.-1500 A.D.: from the collections of the National Museum of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College, Dublin (etc), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977, ISBN 0394428072, 9780394428079, No. 43, p. 143, with f.43v illustrated on a full page shortly before. Fully online (PDF) from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

[4] Sharpe, Richard (1982). "Palaeographical Considerations in the Study of the Patrician Documents in the Book of Armagh". Scriptorium: International Review of Manuscript Studies. 36: 3–28.

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