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Cadmium sulfide

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Cadmium sulfide
3D model of the structure of hawleyite
3D model of the structure of hawleyite
3D model of the structure of greenockite
3D model of the structure of greenockite
Names
Other names
Cadmium(II) sulfide,
Greenockite
Hawleyite
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.771 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 215-147-8
RTECS number
  • EV3150000
UNII
UN number 2570
  • InChI=1S/Cd.S/q+2;-2 checkY
    Key: FRLJSGOEGLARCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/Cd.S/q+2;-2
    Key: FRLJSGOEGLARCA-UHFFFAOYAL
  • [S-2].[Cd+2]
Properties
CdS
Molar mass 144.47 g·mol−1
Appearance Yellow-orange solid.
Density 4.82 g/cm3, solid.
Melting point 1,750 °C (3,180 °F; 2,020 K)
Boiling point 980 °C (1,800 °F; 1,250 K)
insoluble[1]
2.51
Structure
Hexagonal, Cubic
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid.[2] It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.[2]

Production

Cadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion and this has been used in the past for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.[3]

Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS, the washing of the precipitate to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination (roasting) to convert it to the hexagonal form followed by milling to produce a powder.[4] When cadmium sulfide selenides are required the CdSe is co-precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the calcination step.[4]

Industrially the production of thin films of CdS, required in e.g. photoresistors and chemical bath deposition (CBD), has been investigated using the hydrolysis of thiourea as the source of sulfide anions and an ammonium salt /ammonia buffer solution to control pH:[5]

Cd2+ + 4 NH3 → [Cd(NH3)4]2+
(NH2)2CS + OH− → SH− + H2O + H2CN2
SH− + Cd2+ → CdS + H+

Cadmium sulfide can be produced from volatile cadmium alkyls, an example is the reaction of dimethylcadmium with diethyl sulfide to produce a film of CdS using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy techniques.[6]

The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product, affects the polymorphic form that is produced. It has been asserted that chemical precipitation methods result in the cubic zincblende form[7]

Routes to thin films of CdS

Thin films of CdS are components in some photoresistors and solar cells. Various methods have been used to deposit these thin films, for example (note: there is a large body of research in this area and only representative references are given):

Reactions

Cadmium sulfide is soluble in (actually degraded by) acids, and this conversion has been investigated as a method of extracting the pigment from waste polymers e.g. HDPE pipes:[13]

CdS + 2 HCl → CdCl2 + H2S

When sulfide solutions containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light hydrogen gas is generated:[14]

H2S → H2 + S ΔHf = +9.4 kcal/mol

The proposed mechanism involves the electron/hole pairs created when incident light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide[15] followed by these reacting with water and sulfide:[14]

Production of an electron hole pair
CdS + hν → e− + hole+
Reaction of electron
2e− + 2H2O → H2 + 2OH−
Reaction of hole
2hole+ + S2− → S

Structure and physical properties

Cadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms; the more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate.[16] There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.[16]

Cadmium sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor (gap 2.42 eV[15]). The magnitude of its band gap means that it appears coloured.[2]
As well as this obvious property others properties result:

Applications

CdS is mainly used as a pigment.[24]

CdS and cadmium selenide are used in manufacturing of photoresistors (light dependent resistors) sensitive to visible and near infrared light.

In thin-film form, CdS can be combined with other layers for use in certain types of solar cells.[25] CdS was also one of the first semiconductor materials to be used for thin-film transistors (TFTs).[26] However interest in compound semiconductors for TFTs largely waned after the emergence of amorphous silicon technology in the late 1970s.

Pigment

CdS is known as cadmium yellow[2] (CI pigment yellow 37[27]). By adding varying amounts of selenium as selenide, it is possible to obtain a range of colors, for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108.[27]
Synthetic cadmium pigments based on cadmium sulfide are valued for their good thermal stability, light and weather fastness, chemical resistance and high opacity.[4] The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists, notably Van Gogh, Monet (in his London series and other works) and Matisse (Bathers by a river 1916–1919).[28] The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced prior to the 19th century.[29] CdS is used as pigment in plastics.[4]

Biological

Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associted with sulfate reducing bacteria.[30][31]

References

  1. ^ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 4–67, 1363. ISBN 0849305942.
  2. ^ a b c d Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515
  3. ^ Fred Ibbotson (2007), The Chemical Analysis of Steel-Works' Materials,Read Books, ISBN 1406781134
  4. ^ a b c d Hugh MacDonald Smith (2002). High Performance Pigments. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3527302042.
  5. ^ a b Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Cadmium Sulfide, I.O. Oladeji, L. Chow, 'J. Electrochem. Soc., 144, 7, (1997)
  6. ^ a b Uda, H; Yonezawa, H; Ohtsubo, Y; Kosaka, M; Sonomura, H (2003). "Thin CdS films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 75 (1–2): 219. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00163-0.
  7. ^ Paul Klocek (1991), Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials, CRC Press ISBN 0824784685
  8. ^ Reisfeld, R (2002). "Nanosized semiconductor particles in glasses prepared by the sol–gel method: their optical properties and potential uses". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 341 (1–2): 56. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00059-2.
  9. ^ Moon, B; Lee, J; Jung, H (2006). "Comparative studies of the properties of CdS films deposited on different substrates by R.F. sputtering". Thin Solid Films. 511–512: 299. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2005.11.080.
  10. ^ Goto, F (1998). "Defect reduction in electrochemically deposited CdS thin films by annealing in O2". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 50 (1–4): 147. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00136-0.
  11. ^ U.S. patent 4,086,101 Photovoltaic cells, J.F. Jordan, C.M. Lampkin Issue date: April 25, 1978
  12. ^ U.S. patent 3,208,022, High performance photoresistor, Y.T. Sihvonen, issue date: September 21, 1965
  13. ^ Wanrooij, P. H. P.; Agarwal, U. S.; Meuldijk, J.; Kasteren, J. M. N. van; Lemstra, P. J. (2006). "Extraction of CdS pigment from waste polyethylene". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 100 (2): 1024. doi:10.1002/app.22962.
  14. ^ a b Mario Schiavello (1985) Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis, and Photoreactors: Fundamentals and Developments Springer ISBN 9027719462
  15. ^ a b c D. Lincot, Gary Hodes Chemical Solution Deposition of Semiconducting and Non-Metallic Films: Proceedings of the International Symposium The Electrochemical Society, 2006 ISBN 1566774330
  16. ^ a b Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
  17. ^ Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus, (2003), Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0471491969
  18. ^ Reynolds, D.; Leies, G.; Antes, L.; Marburger, R. (1954). "Photovoltaic Effect in Cadmium Sulfide". Physical Review. 96 (2): 533. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.96.533.
  19. ^ C. Fouassier,(1994), Luminescence in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0471936200
  20. ^ Minkus, Wilfred (1965). "Temperature Dependence of the Pyroelectric Effect in Cadmium Sulfide". Physical Review. 138 (4A): A1277. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.138.A1277.
  21. ^ Smith, Roland (1957). "Low-Field Electroluminescence in Insulating Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide". Physical Review. 105 (3): 900. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.900.
  22. ^ Akimov, Yu A; Burov, A A; Drozhbin, Yu A; Kovalenko, V A; Kozlov, S E; Kryukova, I V; Rodichenko, G V; Stepanov, B M; Yakovlev, V A (1972). "KGP-2: AN ELECTRON-BEAM-PUMPED CADMIUM SULFIDE LASER". Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2 (3): 284. doi:10.1070/QE1972v002n03ABEH004443.
  23. ^ Agarwal, Ritesh; Barrelet, Carl J.; Lieber, Charles M. (2005). "Lasing in Single Cadmium Sulfide Nanowire Optical Cavities". Nano Letters. 5 (5): 917. doi:10.1021/nl050440u. PMID 15884894. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  24. ^ Karl-Heinz Schulte-Schrepping, Magnus Piscator "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04 499.
  25. ^ H. Zhao et al, "The effect of impurities on the doping and VOC of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells", Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, No. 7 (2009) pp. 2365-2369, DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.041
  26. ^ P.K. Weimar, "The TFT a new thin-film transistor", Proc. IRE, Vol. 50, No. 6 (1962) pp. 1462-1469, DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
  27. ^ a b R. M. Christie 2001 Colour Chemistry, p. 155 Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN 0854045732
  28. ^ Sidney Perkowitz, 1998, Empire of Light: A History of Discovery in Science and Art Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 0309065569
  29. ^ W. Stanley Taft, James W. Mayer, Richard Newman, Peter Kuniholm, Dusan Stulik (2000) The Science of Paintings, Springer, ISBN 0387987223
  30. ^ Larry L. Barton 1995 Sulfate reducing bacteria, Springer, ISBN 0306448572
  31. ^ Sweeney, Rozamond Y.; Mao, Chuanbin; Gao, Xiaoxia; Burt, Justin L.; Belcher, Angela M.; Georgiou, George; Iverson, Brent L. (2004). "Bacterial Biosynthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals". Chemistry & Biology. 11 (11): 1553. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.08.022. PMID 15556006.
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