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Cervicocranial syndrome

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Cervicocranial syndrome
Other namesCraniocervical junction syndrome
SpecialtyNeurology

Cervicocranial syndrome or (craniocervical junction syndrome, CCJ syndrome) is a combination of symptoms that are caused by an abnormality in the cervical vertebrae leading to improper function of cervical spinal nerves. Cervicocranial syndrome is either congenital[1] or acquired.[2] Cervicocranial syndrome may be caused by Chiari disease, Klippel-Feil malformation,[3] osteoarthritis, and physical trauma.[4] Treatment options include neck braces, pain medication and surgery. The quality of life for individuals suffering from Cervicocranial syndrome can improve through surgery.[5]

Cervical Vertebrae (C1 - C7)

Signs and symptoms

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Cervicocranial syndrome has a wide range of symptoms. These symptoms[6] often include:

Cause

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Cervicocranial syndrome can be caused either due to a defect (genetic mutation[9] or development of diseases later in life) or an injury pertaining to the cervical area of the neck that damages the spinal nerves traveling through the cervical region[10][7] resulting in ventral subluxation.[11] Examples of cases that can result in cervicocranial syndrome are: car accidents, trauma, osteoarthritis, tumor, degenerative pathology[8] and other numerous causes of vertebral instability. There is no single cause that can mainly cause cervicocranial syndrome.

Genetic

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Individual with Klippel-Feil syndrome showing fused cervical bones in the neck.

The genes GDF6, GDF3, MEOX1 used as examples, encode for making proteins that help with development. For example GDF6 gene plays an important role in bone development and joint formation.[12] The mutation in these genes can result in Klippel-Feil syndrome. As a result of having congenital Klippel-Feil syndrome, the spinal anatomy of the individual will present abnormal fusion of any two of the seven cervical bones in the neck.[13] This is considered to be an anomaly of cervical bones.[14] It affects the functioning of cervical spinal nerves (C1 - C8) because of compression on the spinal cord. Spinal stenosis also adds damage to the spinal cord resulting in symptoms that are caused by cervicocranial syndrome.[15]

Trauma

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Traumatic injuries are caused when external forces damage the cervical spine, giving rise to various symptoms.[16] In a motor vehicle accident, the vehicle jerks the neck forward and backward resulting in cervical spine damage. This is called whiplash.[17] The neurological and biological symptoms resulting from neck trauma emerge as a culmination of clinically isolated or combined symptoms caused by cervicocranial syndrome.[16]

Pathophysiology

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The body is innervated by spinal nerves that branch off from the spinal cord.[18] This innervation enables the brain to receive sensory inputs and send motor outputs. There are 8 cervical spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system. Cervical spinal nerves C1, C2 and C3 help control the movements of the head and neck. Cervical spinal nerve C4 helps control upward shoulder movements. Cervical spinal nerve C3, C4 and C5 help power the diaphragm and aid in breathing. Cervical spinal nerve C6 helps in wrist extension and some functioning of biceps. Cervical spinal nerve C7 controls triceps and wrist extension. Cervical spinal nerve C8 helps control the hand.[18] The cervicocranial syndrome occurs when symptoms arise due to cervical vertebrae damage (misalignment, collapse, shift or disease, such as tumor) resulting in the improper functioning of the cervical spinal nerves.

Examples of cervicocranial syndrome pathophysiology

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Chordoma

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Main article: Chordoma

The craniocervical junction region comprises C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) and the lower part of the skull: occipital bone.[19] In case of tumor: chordoma, in the craniocervical junction region, this leads to pressure on the cervical spinal nerves, which results in their improper functioning of the cervical spinal nerves. Hence, leading to symptoms of cervicocranial syndrome.[20] To decompress the pressure on the nerves, the tumor is removed and the foramen through which the spinal nerve roots travel through is enlarged to allow the nerves to pass through so that symptoms of cervicocranial syndrome can be reduced and the nerves are sending signals.

Atlanto-occipital assimilation

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When the occipital bone and the atlas (C1) are fused together in a condition called atlanto-occipital assimilation, it causes improper functioning of the cervical spinal nerves due to the vascular compression. Surgical procedure can decompress the nerves and reduce symptoms.[21][22][23]

Trauma

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Traumatic injuries are caused when external forces damage the cervical spine, giving rise to various symptoms.[16] In a car accident, the vehicle jerks the neck forward and backward resulting in cervical spine damage resulting in a whiplash. As a result, the cervical spine become misaligned and produces direct spinal cord irritation creating tighter muscles on one side of the body[24] Neck braces can help temporarily. Surgery is required if needed. Non-surgical treatment, to realign spinal misalignment, is corrected by a chiropractor.

Diagnosis

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Flexion and extension
1. Cervical spine x-ray (lateral view)

Once there is an onset of the symptoms in the patient, the patients are screened through cervical-spinal imaging techniques: X-ray, CT, MRI. [1] The scanning technique points out any cervical vertebrae defects and misalignments. (Image 1. and 2.) When cervicocranial syndrome is caused as a result of a genetic disease, then family history and genetic testing aid in making an accurate diagnosis of cervicocranial syndrome.

2. Cervical spine x-ray (odontoid view)

Prevention and treatment

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The treatment options vary since there are numerous causes of cervicocranial syndrome. General treatments include:

When cervicocranial syndrome is caused by a mutation in genes and it runs in the family due to other co-morbidities, genetic counseling helps patients cover risks, prevention and expectations of caring and passing genes to a newborn.[27]

Prognosis

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The prognosis of individuals living with cervicocranial syndrome varies due to multiple causes such as co-morbidities and varied trauma. Instability of the cervical spine can cause endangerment of patients and their neurological integrity.[28] Correction and decompression cervical spinal surgeries significantly increase quality of life and reduce symptoms. Post-surgery, 93 to 100 percent of patients report reduced cervicocranial syndrome symptoms such as neck pain.[29][30]

Epidemiology

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Cervicocranial syndrome significantly affects the aging world population and is associated with significant morbidity.[30] It affects men and women equally when occurring due to atlanto-occipital assimilation.[31] Increased incidence among low-socioeconomic groups and among groups that do not have access to healthcare show subsequently higher rates of morbidity and mortality.[30]

Research directions

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Cervicocranial syndrome can be caused with or as a result of numerous neurological problems so not one single disease can be pinpointed. Further research can explore the common neurological problems causing cervicocranial syndrome and look at various treatments including therapeutic ones.

For example, a study, "The influence of cranio-cervical rehabilitation in patients with myofascial temporomandibular pain disorders", [32] explored the therapeutic options of physical therapy and concluded that 88% from a total of 98 patients (79 female and 19 male), felt reduced pain. On the contrary another study, "The efficacy of manual therapy and therapeutic exercise in patients with chronic neck pain: A narrative review"[33] conducted in 2018, concluded that there is a lack of evidence that support therapeutic exercise to reduce neck pain via manipulation.

References

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  1. ^ Klimo, Paul; Rao, Ganesh; Brockmeyer, Douglas (July 2007). "Congenital Anomalies of the Cervical Spine". Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. 18 (3): 463–478. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2007.04.005. PMID 17678749.
  2. ^ Rubin, Michael (2023). "Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities". Merck Manual.
  3. ^ Avellaneda Fernández, Alfredo; Isla Guerrero, Alberto; Izquierdo Martínez, Maravillas; Amado Vázquez, María Eugenia; Barrón Fernández, Javier; Chesa i Octavio, Ester; De la Cruz Labrado, Javier; Escribano Silva, Mercedes; Fernández de Gamboa Fernández de Araoz, Marta; García-Ramos, Rocío; García Ribes, Miguel (2009-12-17). "Malformations of the craniocervical junction (chiari type I and syringomyelia: classification, diagnosis and treatment)". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 10 (1): S1. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-S1-S1. ISSN 1471-2474. PMC 2796052. PMID 20018097.
  4. ^ Smoker, Wendy R. K.; Khanna, Geetika (October 2008). "Imaging the craniocervical junction". Child's Nervous System. 24 (10): 1123–1145. doi:10.1007/s00381-008-0601-0. ISSN 0256-7040. PMID 18461336. S2CID 9127674.
  5. ^ Henderson, Fraser C.; Francomano, C. A.; Koby, M.; Tuchman, K.; Adcock, J.; Patel, S. (2019). "Cervical medullary syndrome secondary to craniocervical instability and ventral brainstem compression in hereditary hypermobility connective tissue disorders: 5-year follow-up after craniocervical reduction, fusion, and stabilization". Neurosurgical Review. 42 (4): 915–936. doi:10.1007/s10143-018-01070-4. ISSN 0344-5607. PMC 6821667. PMID 30627832.
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  16. ^ a b c Tanaka, Nobuhiro; Atesok, Kivanc; Nakanishi, Kazuyoshi; Kamei, Naosuke; Nakamae, Toshio; Kotaka, Shinji; Adachi, Nobuo (2018-02-28). "Pathology and Treatment of Traumatic Cervical Spine Syndrome: Whiplash Injury". Advances in Orthopedics. 2018: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2018/4765050. ISSN 2090-3464. PMC 5851023. PMID 29682354.
  17. ^ Panjabi, Manohar M.; Cholewicki, Jacek; Nibu, Kimio; Grauer, Jonathan N.; Babat, Lawrence B.; Dvorak, Jiri (1998-06-01). "Mechanism of whiplash injury". Clinical Biomechanics. 13 (4): 239–249. doi:10.1016/S0268-0033(98)00033-3. ISSN 0268-0033. PMID 11415793.
  18. ^ a b Waxenbaum, Joshua A.; Reddy, Vamsi; Bordoni, Bruno (2020), "Anatomy, Head and Neck, Cervical Nerves", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30844163, retrieved 2020-12-17
  19. ^ Kaiser, Joshua T.; Reddy, Vamsi; Launico, Marjorie V.; Lugo-Pico, Julian G. (2024), "Anatomy, Head and Neck: Cervical Vertebrae", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30969556, retrieved 2024-11-11
  20. ^ Kratimenos, George P.; Crockard, H. Alan (1993-01-01). "The far lateral approach for ventrally placed foramen magnum and upper cervical spine tumours". British Journal of Neurosurgery. 7 (2): 129–140. doi:10.3109/02688699309103469. ISSN 0268-8697. PMID 8494614.
  21. ^ Rubin, Michael (January 2022). "Craniocervical Junction Disorders - Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders". Merck Manual Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  22. ^ Menezes, Arnold H. (1997-09-01). "Craniovertebral junction anomalies: Diagnosis and management". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. Neurosurgical Issues for the Pediatric Patient. 4 (3): 209–223. doi:10.1016/S1071-9091(97)80038-1. ISSN 1071-9091. PMID 9323790.
  23. ^ Iwata, Atsushi; Murata, Miho; Nukina, Nobuyuki; Kanazawa, Ichiro (1998-02-05). "Foramen magnum syndrome caused by atlanto-occipital assimilation". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 154 (2): 229–231. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(97)00224-4. ISSN 0022-510X. PMID 9562315.
  24. ^ "Society of Chiropractic Orthospinology - An Upper Cervical Procedure - What Is Orthospinology?". orthospinology.org. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  25. ^ Mahlstedt, K.; Westhofen, M.; König, K. (May 1992). "[Therapy of functional disorders of the craniovertebral joints in vestibular diseases]". Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie. 71 (5): 246–250. doi:10.1055/s-2007-997289. ISSN 0935-8943. PMID 1616544. S2CID 72840124.
  26. ^ Chan, Andrew K.; Winkler, Ethan A.; Jacques, Line (2016-07-01). "Rate of perioperative neurological complications after surgery for cervical spinal cord stimulation". Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 25 (1): 31–38. doi:10.3171/2015.10.SPINE15670. PMID 26943257.
  27. ^ Rossi, Ernest L.; Cozzolino, Mauro; Mortimer, Jane; Atkinson, David; Rossi, Kathryn Lane (October 2011). "A Brief Protocol for the Creative Psychosocial Genomic Healing Experience: The 4-Stage Creative Process in Therapeutic Hypnosis and Brief Psychotherapy". American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 54 (2): 133–152. doi:10.1080/00029157.2011.605967. ISSN 0002-9157. PMID 22125895. S2CID 34260924.
  28. ^ Wenning, Katharina E.; Hoffmann, Martin F. (2020-01-09). "Does isolated atlantoaxial fusion result in better clinical outcome compared to occipitocervical fusion?". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 15 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s13018-019-1525-y. ISSN 1749-799X. PMC 6953136. PMID 31918713.
  29. ^ Yin, Yi-Heng; Qiao, Guang-Yu; Yu, Xin-Guang (2016-11-01). "Surgical Treatment of Occipitocervical Dislocation with Atlas Assimilation and Klippel-Feil Syndrome Using Occipitalized C1 Lateral Mass and C2 Fixation and Reduction Technique". World Neurosurgery. 95: 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.058. ISSN 1878-8750. PMID 27465418.
  30. ^ a b c Waheed, Muhammad Abdul-Aziz; Hasan, Sazid; Tan, Lee A.; Bosco, Aju; Reinas, Rui; Wengel, Paula Valerie ter; Hey, Hwee Weng Dennis; Aleem, Ilyas S. (March 2020). "Cervical spine pathology and treatment: a global overview". Journal of Spine Surgery. 6 (1): 340–350. doi:10.21037/jss.2020.01.12. ISSN 2414-4630. PMC 7154356. PMID 32309671.
  31. ^ Knipe, Henry. "Atlanto-occipital assimilation | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  32. ^ Halmova, K.; Holly, D.; Stanko, P. (2017). "The influence of cranio-cervical rehabilitation in patients with myofascial temporomandibular pain disorders". Bratislavske Lekarske Listy. 118 (11): 710–713. doi:10.4149/BLL_2017_134. ISSN 0006-9248. PMID 29216730.
  33. ^ The efficacy of manual therapy and therapeutic exercise in patients with chronic neck pain: A narrative review kheljournal.com
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