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Charles Evers

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Mandsford (talk | contribs) at 17:14, 23 September 2018 (Some context here-- Evers wasn't the first black mayor of a Mississippi municipality in the 20th century, but the first black mayor of a Mississippi city with white and black municipality with white and black residents. Mound Bayou was Mississippi's town for African-Americans during the segregation era.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Charles Evers
Mayor of Fayette, Mississippi
In office
1985–1989
Preceded byKennie Middleton
Succeeded byKennie Middleton
In office
1969–1981
Preceded byR. J. Allen
Succeeded byKennie Middleton
Personal details
Born
James Charles Evers

(1922-09-11) September 11, 1922 (age 102)
Decatur, Mississippi, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (1978–present)
Other political
affiliations		Independent (1969–1978)
Democratic (before 1960s)
Spouse(s)Christine Evers (annulled)
Nannie Laurie
​
​
(m. 1951; div. 1974)​
RelationsMedgar Evers, Myrlie Evers-Williams
Residence(s)Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.
Alma materAlcorn State University
OccupationCivil rights activist
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Battles/warsWorld War II

James Charles Evers (born September 11, 1922) is an American civil rights activist and former politician. A Republican, Evers was known for his role in the civil rights movement along with his younger brother Medgar Evers.[1] He was made the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) State Voter Registration Chairman in 1954. After his brother's assassination in 1963, Evers took over his position as field director of the NAACP in Mississippi. As field director, Evers organized and led many demonstrations for the rights of African Americans.[1]

In 1969, Evers was named "Man of the Year" by the NAACP.[2] On June 3, 1969, Evers was elected in Fayette, Mississippi, as the first African-American mayor of a biracial town in the state in the post-Reconstruction era, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which enforced constitutional rights for citizens.[2] (The town of Mound Bayou had been incorporated in 1898 as a Negro-only municipality and had had black mayors and council members throughout the 20th century; challenger Earl Lucas was elected the Mound Bayou mayor, defeating incumbent Wesley Liddell on the same day that Evers was elected in Fayette [3])

At the time of Evers's election as mayor, the town of Fayette had a population of 1,600 of which 75% was African-American and almost 25% White; the white officers on the Fayette city police "resigned rather than work under a black administrtion", according to the Associated Press. Evers told reporters "I guess we will just have to operate with an all-black police department for the present. But I am still looking for some whites to join us in helping Fayette grow." Evers then outlawed the carrying of firearms within city limits. [4]

He unsuccessfully ran for governor in 1971 and the United States Senate in 1978, both times as an Independent candidate. In 1989, Evers was defeated for re-election after serving sixteen years as mayor.[5]

Early life and education

Evers was born in Decatur in Newton County in east central Mississippi, Evers was reared by devoutly Christian parents, Jesse (Wright) and James Evers.[6] He had a younger brother Medgar, with whom he was close. They attended segregated public schools, which were typically underfunded in Mississippi following the exclusion of African Americans from the political system by disenfranchisement after 1890.[1] Evers graduated from Alcorn State University in Lorman, Mississippi.[7]

Career

During World War II, Charles and Medgar Evers both served in the United States Army.[1] Charles fell in love with a Philippine woman while stationed overseas.[8] He could not marry her and bring her home to his native Mississippi because the state's constitution prohibited interracial marriages.[2]

Before and after the war, Evers participated in bootlegging operations, prostitution, and numbers in Mississippi and Chicago. He revealed this part of his past in 1971 prior to his campaign for governor.[1] He said he was not proud of it, but was proud that he had changed his life and left such crime activities far behind.[6]

Civil rights activism

In Mississippi about 1951, brothers Charles and Medgar Evers grew interested in African freedom movements. They were interested in Jomo Kenyatta and the rise of the Kikuyu tribal resistance to colonialism in Kenya, known as the "Mau-Mau" Rebellion as it moved to open violence.[2] Along with his brother, Charles became active in the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL), a civil rights organization that promoted self-help and business ownership.[9] Between 1952 and 1955, Evers often spoke at the RCNL's annual conferences in Mound Bayou, a town founded by freedmen, on such issues as voting rights.[10]

Around 1956, Evers' entrepreneurial gifts and his civil rights activism landed him in trouble in Philadelphia, Mississippi.[1] He left town and moved to Chicago, Illinois. There, he fell into a life of hustling, running numbers for organized crime, and managing prostitutes.[10] His brother Medgar continued to be involved in civil rights, becoming field secretary and head of the NAACP in Mississippi.[9]

On June 12, 1963, Byron De La Beckwith, a Democrat and a member of a KKK chapter, fatally shot Evers' brother, Medgar, in Mississippi as he arrived home from work.[11] Evers died at the hospital in Jackson.[11] Evers was working in Chicago at the time of his brother's death.[2] He was shocked and deeply upset by his brother's assassination.[1] Over the opposition of more establishment figures in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) such as Roy Wilkins, Evers took over his brother's post as head of the NAACP in Mississippi.[2]

Mayor of Fayette

In 1969, following passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965, which authorized federal enforcement of the right to vote, Evers was elected mayor of Fayette, Mississippi. He was the first African-American mayor elected in his state since Reconstruction.[2] In a rural area dominated by cotton plantations, Fayette had a majority of black residents.[5] Its minority white community was known to be hostile toward blacks.[5]

Evers' election as mayor had great symbolic significance statewide and attracted national attention. The NAACP named Evers the 1969 Man of the Year. Author John Updike mentioned Evers in his popular novel Rabbit Redux (1971).[12] Evers popularized the slogan, "Hands that picked cotton can now pick the mayor."[12]

Evers served many terms as mayor of Fayette.[1] Admired by some, he alienated others with his inflexible stands on various issues. Evers did not like to share or delegate power. Evers lost the Democratic primary for mayor in 1981 to Kennie Middleton. Four years later, Evers defeated Middleton in the primaries and won back the office of mayor. In 1989, Evers lost the nomination once again to political rival Kennie Middleton.[5] In his response to the defeat, Evers accepted his defeating citing that he was tired and that: "Twenty years is enough. I'm tired of being out front. Let someone else be out front."[5]

Political influence

Evers endorsed Ronald Reagan for President of the United States during the 1980 United States presidential election.[13] Evers later attracted controversy for his support of judicial nominee Charles W. Pickering, a Republican, who was nominated by President George H. W. Bush for a seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals.[14] Evers criticized the NAACP and other organizations for opposing Pickering, as he said the candidate had a record of supporting the civil rights movement in Mississippi.[15]

Evers has befriended a range of people from sharecroppers to presidents. He was an informal adviser to politicians as diverse as Lyndon B. Johnson, George C. Wallace, Ronald Reagan and Robert F. Kennedy.[2] On the other hand, Evers has severely criticized such national leaders as Roy Wilkins, Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap Brown and Louis Farrakhan over various issues.[2]

In recent years, Evers has been a member of the Republican Party.[16] In 2009, however, he spoke warmly of the rise of Barack Obama as the first African-American U.S. President.[16] In 2016, Evers returned to the GOP to support Donald Trump for the presidential nomination.[17]

Electoral campaigns

In 1968 Evers employed volunteer, armed guards to protect his Jackson residence during the campaign when he competed with six white candidates for the vacant congressional seat which became open when John Bell Williams was elected governor.[18] In 1971 Evers ran in the gubernatorial general election but was defeated by Democrat William "Bill" Waller, 601,222 (77 percent) to 172,762 (22.1 percent).[19] Waller had prosecuted the murder case of suspect Byron De La Beckwith.[19] When Waller gave a victory speech on election night, Evers drove across town to a local TV station to congratulate him. A reporter later wrote that

Waller's aides learned Evers was in the building and tried to hustle the governor-elect out of the studio as soon as the interview ended. They were not quite quick enough. Surrounded by photographers, reporters, and television crews, Evers approached Waller's car just as it was about to pull out. Waller and his wife were in the back seat. "I just wanted to congratulate you," said Evers. "Whaddya say, Charlie?" boomed Waller. His wife leaned across with a stiff smile and shook the loser's hand. During the campaign Evers told reporters that his main purpose in running was to encourage registration of black voters.[20]

In 1978, Evers ran as an Independent for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Democrat James O. Eastland.[13] He finished in third place behind his opponents, Democrat Maurice Dantin and Republican Thad Cochran. He received 24 percent of the vote, likely siphoning off African-American votes that would have otherwise gone to Dantin.[13] Cochran won the election with a plurality of 45 percent of the vote. With the shift in white voters moving into the Republican Party in the state (and the rest of the South), Cochran was continuously re-elected to his Senate seat.[13] After his failed Senate race, Evers briefly switched political parties and became a Republican.[13]

In 1983, Evers ran as an Independent for governor of Mississippi but lost to the Democrat Bill Allain.[21] Republican Leon Bramlett of Clarksdale, also known as a college All-American football player, finished second with 39 percent of the vote.[21]

Books

Evers has written two autobiographies or memoirs: Evers (1971), written with Grace Halsell and self-published; and Have No Fear, written with Andrew Szanton and published by John Wiley & Sons (1997).[22][23]

Personal life

Evers was briefly married to Christine Evers until their marriage ended in annulment.[7] In 1951, Evers married Nannie Laurie.[7] They moved to Philadelphia, Mississippi. The couple filed for divorce in June 1974.[7] Evers has three daughters; Charlene, Pat and Carolyn.[7] He now lives in Jackson, Mississippi.[6] He is currently the station manager of radio station WMPR 90.1 FM in Jackson, Mississippi.[6] In 2017 he was inducted into the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Biography of Charles Evers". msWritersandMusicians.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Charles Evers". PBS.org. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  3. ^ "Republicans gain in statewide municipal elections", Delta Democrat-Times (Greenville MS), June 4, 1969, p1
  4. ^ "A new day dawns in the Old South", Miami News, July 7, 1969, p1
  5. ^ a b c d e "EVERS IS DEFEATED IN FIFTH-TERM BID". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d "Evers, James Charles (1922- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". Blackpast.org. September 11, 1922. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Charles Evers". NNDB.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  8. ^ "Charles Evers". Jacksonfreepress.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  9. ^ a b "NAACP History: Medgar Evers". NAACP.org. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b Associated Press (April 14, 1971). "Evers Isn't Proud of Past History". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  11. ^ a b "Medgar Evers Assassinated - Jun 12, 1963". History.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  12. ^ a b "Charles Evers". CivilRightsProject.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Gates: Charles Evers rich part of states history". Clarion Ledger.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  14. ^ "NOMINATION OF CHARLES W. PICKERING". GPO.org. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  15. ^ "Nomination of Charles W. Pickering, Sr., of Mississippi, to be United States Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit (continued)". Vote Smart.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  16. ^ a b "Evers comments on Obama becoming 1st African-American president". MSNewsnow.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  17. ^ Bracey Harris. "Brother of Medgar Evers endorses Trump". Hattiesburg American. Retrieved March 5, 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Watts, James. (March 4, 1968). "16 year old questioned in gun incident". Jackson Daily News. (Jackson, Miss.).
  19. ^ a b "Evers For Everybody". The Crimson.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  20. ^ Powers, Thomas. "Letter from a Lost Campaign". Harper's Magazine (March 1972).
  21. ^ a b "The Bryan Times Edition 1983". Google.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  22. ^ "African American Lives". Google Books. p. 284. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  23. ^ "Have No Fear: The Charles Evers Story". Publisher Weekly.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.

Further reading

  • Charles Evers and Andrew Szanton, Have No Fear, Have No * Beito, David and Linda (2009). Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03420-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Dittmer, John (1994). Local People: the Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02102-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help).
  • Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (1945 book).
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