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Chief Court Mistress

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Court Mistress (Danish: hofmesterinde; Dutch: hofmesterees ('Court mistress'); German: hofmeisterin; Norwegian: hoffmesterinne; Swedish: hovmästarinna) or Chief Court Mistress (Danish: Overhofmesterinde; Dutch: Grootmeesteres ('Grand Mistress') German: Obersthofmeisterin; Norwegian: overhoffmesterinne; Swedish: överhovmästarinna; Russia: Ober-Hofmeisterin) is/was the title of the senior lady-in-waiting in the courts of Austria, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden and the German princely and royal courts as well as Imperial Russia.

Austria

Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard.

In 1619, a set organisation was finally established for the Austrian Imperial court which came to be the characteristic organisation of the Austrian-Habsburg court roughly kept from this point onward.[1] The first rank of the female courtiers was the Obersthofmeisterin, who was second in rank after the empress herself, and responsible for all the female courtiers.[2] Whenever absent, she was replaced by the Fräuleinhofmeisterin, normally in charge of the unmarried female courtiers, their conduct and service.[2]

Chief Court Mistress to Anna of Tyrol, 1608-1618

  • 1611-1618: Freiin Katharina v. Kollowrath-L.

Chief Court Mistress to Eleonora Gonzaga, 1622-1658

  • 1621-1624: Gräfin Maria Anna v. Portia
  • 1624-1637: Gräfin Ursula v. Attems
  • 1637-1644: Freiin Margarita v. Herberstein
  • 1647-1647: Gräfin Octavia Strozzi
  • 1652-1655: Freiin Anna Eleonora v. Metternich

Chief Court Mistress to Maria Anna of Spain, 1631-1646

  • 1630-1638: Victoria de Toledo y Colona
  • 1643-1646: Marquesa Flores d’Avila

Chief Court Mistress to Maria Leopoldine of Austria, 1648-1649

  • 1648-1649: Gräfin Anna Eleonora v. Wolkenstein 1648-1649

Chief Court Mistress to Eleonora Gonzaga, 1651-1686

  • 1651-1658: Gräfin Maria Elisabeth v. Wagensperg

Chief Court Mistress to Maria Theresa of Austria, 1740-1780

Chief Court Mistress to Empress Elisabeth of Austria, 1854-1898

  • 1854-1862: Sophie Esterházy
  • 1862- : Pauline von Königsegg
  • Maria Welser, Gräfin von Welsersheimb Freiin zu Gumpenstein

Denmark

Louise von Plessen

The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Imperial Austrian court model, from the 16th century onward.[3]

The highest rank female courtier to a female royal was the hofmesterinde (Court Mistress) from 1694/98 onward named Overhofmesterinde (Chief Court Mistres), equivalent to the Mistress of the Robes, normally an elder widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies-in-waiting.[4]

Chief Court Mistress to Christina of Saxony, 1481–1513

Chief Court Mistress to Isabella of Austria, 1515–1523

Chief Court Mistress to Sophie of Pomerania, 1523–1533

Chief Court Mistress to Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 1572–1631

Chief Court Mistress to Anne Catherine of Brandenburg 1597–1612

  • 1597–1612: Beate Huitfeldt

Chief Court Mistress to Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1648–1685

  • Lucie von Løschebrand
  • 1657–1685: Maria Elisabeth von Haxthausen

Chief Court Mistress to Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel 1670–1714

  • 1677-1692: Juliane Elisabeth von Uffeln
  • 1695–1705: Dorothea Justina Haxthausen
  • 1705: Sophie Dorothea von Schack von Marschalck
  • Louise Charlotte von Schlaberndorf

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 1699–1721

  • 1699–1716: Abel Cathrine Buchwald

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of Great Britain 1746–1751

  • 1746-1751: Louise Henriette von Schleinitz

Chief Court Mistress to Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1752–1796

Chief Court Mistress to Caroline Matilda of Great Britain 1766–1775

Chief Court Mistress to Marie of Hesse-Kassel 1808–1852

  • 1823–1839: Lucie Charlotte Sehestedt Juul

Chief Court Mistress to Caroline Amalie of Augustenburg 1839–1881

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of Hesse-Kassel 1863–1898

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of Sweden 1906–1926

  • 1906-1910: Louise Bille-Brahe (second term)

Chief Court Mistress to Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1912–1952

  • 1912–1935: Louise Grevenkop-Castenskiold
  • 1935–1952: Inger Wedell

Germany

The Austrian court model was the role model for the princely courts in Germany,[2] and the post of Obersthofmeisterin, or only hofmeisterin, existed in the princely (and later royal) German courts as well.

The German court model in turn became the role model of the early modern Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden.[3]

Chief court mistress to the queens of Prussia and empresses of Germany

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1793-1810

Chief Court Mistress to Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria 1840–1873

  • Wilhelmine van Reede-Ginkel

Chief Court Mistress to Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein 1888–1918

  • Therese von Brockdorff

The Netherlands

In the 16th-century, the principal lady-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands), was named hofmesterees ('Court mistress') or dame d'honneur.[5]

The principal female office holder in the royal court of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the 19th-century was named Grootmeesteres ('Grand Mistress').[6][7]

Norway

During the union of Sweden-Norway in 1814–1905, Sweden and Norway shared the same royal family. At that time, there were two Chief Court Mistress for the same queen: one as Queen of Sweden at the Swedish royal court when she lived in Sweden, and a separate Chief Court Mistress as Queen of Norway at the Norwegian royal court, who served in her post during the visits of the Swedish-Norwegian royal family to Norway.

Presently, the overhoffmesterinne in Norway acts as a vice hostess at the Norwegian royal court when the queen and the other female members of the royal family are absent.

Chief Court Mistress to Désirée Clary, 1823–1861

Chief Court Mistress to Josephine of Leuchtenberg, 1844–1876

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of the Netherlands, 1859–1871

  • 1859–1871: Juliane Cathrine Wilhelmine Wedel Jarlsberg

Chief Court Mistress to Sophia of Nassau, 1872–1905

  • 1873–1887: Alette Due
  • 1887–1905: Elise Lovenskiold

Chief Court Mistress to Maud of Wales, 1905–1938

  • Emma Heiberg Stang

Russia

In 1722, the Russian Imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of Peter the Great to Westernize Russia, and the old court offices of the Tsarina was replaced with court offices inspired by the German model. Accordingly, the new principal lady in waiting of the Russian empress was named Ober-Hofmeisterin.

Chief Court Mistress to Catherine I of Russia 1713–1725

Chief Court Mistress to Elizabeth of Russia 1741–1762

Chief Court Mistress to Catherine I of Russia 1762–1796

Chief Court Mistress to Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse and by Rhine) 1855–1880

Chief Court Mistress to Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) 1881–1917

  • 1881-1881: Princess Kurakin (in position since 1866)
  • 1881-1888: Princess Hélene Kotchoubey
  • 1888-: Countess Anna Stroganoff

Chief Court Mistress to Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) 1894–1917

Sweden

Maria Sofia De la Gardie
Charlotta Fredrika Sparre
Ulrica Strömfelt
Charlotta Aurora De Geer
Wilhelmina Bonde

In Sweden, the Chief Court Mistress is the second highest-ranking official of the royal household, preceded only by the Marshal of the Realm. She ranks immediately below the members of the royal family, the speaker of the Parliament and the prime minister, and has precedence over former speakers of the Parliament and former prime ministers. The incumbent is Countess Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister, who has served since 1994.

The title and position have changed over time. Before the reign of Queen Christina (1632–1654), the title was generally referred to as hovmästarinna (Court Mistress), but during and after the reign of Christina, it became the custom to have two such Court mistresses subordinate to one överhovmästarinna (Chief Court Mistress).[8] Only the Queen and the Queen Dowager had a Chief Court Mistress called överhovmästarinna (the Chief Court Mistress) while the equivalent at the courts of other female members of the royal house was called hovmästarinna (Court Mistress).

The position was the highest a female courtier could have in the Swedish royal court, and the överhovmästarinna was ranked an Excellency, something unusual for a woman in the 17th century, which placed her immediately after the female members of the royal house in rank. Her role was to uphold etiquette at court, and receive and carry out the instructions of the Queen in the management of the court. She managed the employment of new members to the court of the Queen, and every meeting and letter to the Queen passed through her.[8] She also managed the ceremony of the court presentation, in which nobles were presented to the royal family and thus allowed to show themselves officially at court.[9] She could also represent the Queen on some occasions at court ceremonies and parties as hostess.

Chief Court Mistress to Catherine Stenbock 1552–1621

  • 1552–1568: Anna Hogenskild

Chief Court Mistress to Karin Månsdotter 1567–1568

Chief Court Mistress to Catherine Jagellon 1568–1583

Chief Court Mistress to Gunilla Bielke 1585–1597

  • 1587–1592: Kerstin Oxenstierna

Chief Court Mistress to Christina of Holstein-Gottorp 1604–1625

  • 1604–1608 : Carin Ulfsdotter Snakeborg
  • 1608–1612 : Gunilla Jönsdotter Struss
  • 1612–1619 : Carin Kyle

Chief Court Mistress to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg 1620–1655

  • 1620–1623 : Hebbla Eriksdotter Stålarm
  • Catharina von Schnideck
  • Regina Catharina von Windisch-Grätz
  • 1628–1633 : Brita Gylta
  • 1633–1634 : Ebba Mauritzdotter Leijonhufvud
  • 1634–1639 : Elisabet Gyllenstierna
  • 1639–1640 : Christina Posse
  • 1640–1649 : Vacant
  • 1649–1655 : Görvel Posse

Chief Court Mistress to Christina 1632–1654

Chief Court Mistress to Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, 1654–1715

  • 1655–1660 : Elisabet Carlsdotter Gyllenhielm
  • 1660–1664 : Görwel Bååt
  • 1664–1671 : Görvel Posse
  • 1671–1686 : Occa Maria Johanna von Riperda
  • 1686–1715 : Märta Berendes (equivalent position at the court of the princesses in 1687–1717)

Chief Court Mistress to Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, 1680–1693

  • 1680–1693 : Maria Elisabeth Stenbock

Chief Court Mistress to Ulrika Eleonora 1718–1741

  • 1717–1736 : Katarina Ebba Horn af Åminne
  • 1736–1741 : Hedvig Elisabet Strömfelt (equivalent position to the Crown princess in 1744–1751)

Chief Court Mistress to Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, 1751–1782

Chief Court Mistress to Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, 1771–1813

Chief Court Mistress to Frederica of Baden, 1797–1809

Chief Court Mistress to Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, 1809–1818

Chief Court Mistresss to Désirée Clary, 1823–1861

Chief Court Mistress to Josephine of Leuchtenberg, 1844–1876

  • 1844–1866: Charlotta Skjöldebrand

Chief Court Mistress to Louise of the Netherlands, 1859–1872

  • 1859–1860: Stefanie Hamilton
  • 1860–1869: Wilhelmina Bonde
  • 1871–1872: Anne-Malène Wachtmeister

Chief Court Mistress to Sophia of Nassau, 1872–1907

  • 1872–1879: Elisabet Augusta Piper
  • 1880–1890: Malvina De la Gardie
  • 1890–1907: Ebba Åkerhielm

Chief Court Mistress to Victoria of Baden, 1907–1931

  • 1907–1908: Vacant
  • 1908–1931: Augusta Lewenhaupt

See also

References

  1. ^ Nadine Akkerman: The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-In-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe (2013).
  2. ^ a b c Nadine Akkerman: The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-In-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe (2013).
  3. ^ a b Fabian Persson (1999). Servants of Fortune. The Swedish Court between 1598 and 1721. Lund: Wallin & Dalholm. ISBN 91-628-3340-5.
  4. ^ Klaus Kjølsen: Det Kongelige Danske Hof 1660-2000: en forvaltningshistorisk oversigt, 2010
  5. ^ Jacqueline Kerkhoff: Maria van Hongarije en haar hof 1505-1558: tot plichtsbetrachting uitverkoren
  6. ^ Dianne Hamer: Sophie: biografie van Sophie van Würtemberg (1818-1877) op basis van brieven en dagboken, 2011
  7. ^ S Gravenhaagsche” Stads-Almanak: voor 1857
  8. ^ a b Fabian Persson (1999). Servants of Fortune. The Swedish court between 1598 and 1721. Lund: Wallin & Dalholm. ISBN 91-628-3340-5
  9. ^ Tydén-Jordan Astrid, red (1987). Kungligt klädd, kungligt mode. Stockholm: Bergh. Libris 7401256. ISBN 91-502-0849-7
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