Cinder cone: Difference between revisions
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A '''cinder cone''' or '''scoria cone''' is a steep conical [[hill]] of [[tephra]] (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a [[volcanic vent]].<ref name="usgs">{{USGS|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070429163808/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/CinderCone.html|article=Photo glossary of volcano terms: Cinder cone}}</ref> |
A '''cinder cone''' or '''scoria cone''' is a steep conical [[hill]] of [[tephra]] (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a [[volcanic vent]].<ref name="usgs">{{USGS|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070429163808/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/CinderCone.html|article=Photo glossary of volcano terms: Cinder cone}}</ref> |
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==Mechanics of eruption== |
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The rock fragments, often called [[cinder]]s or [[scoria]], are [[glass]]y and contain numerous gas bubbles "frozen" into place as [[magma]] exploded into the air and then cooled quickly.<ref name="usgs"/> Cinder cones range in size from tens to hundreds of meters tall.<ref name="usgs"/> Cinder cones are made of [[pyroclastic]] material. Many cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. |
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During the waning stage of a cinder-cone eruption, the magma has lost most of its gas content. This gas-depleted magma does not fountain but oozes quietly into the crater or beneath the base of the cone as lava.<ref name=usgs2>{{USGS|source={{cite web|title=Red Mountain Volcano—A Spectacular and Unusual Cinder Cone in Northern Arizona|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs024-02/|author=Susan S. Priest, Wendell A. Duffield, Nancy R. Riggs, Brian Poturalski, and Karen Malis-Clark|year=2002|id=USGS Fact Sheet 024-02|accessdate=2012-05-18}}}}</ref> Lava rarely issues from the top (except as a fountain) because the loose, uncemented cinders are too weak to support the pressure exerted by molten rock as it rises toward the surface through the central vent.<ref name="usgs"/> Because it contains so few gas bubbles, the molten lava is denser than the bubble-rich cinders.<ref name=usgs2/> Thus, it often burrows out along the bottom of the cinder cone, lifting the less-dense cinders like a cork on water, and advances outward, creating a [[lava flow]] around the cone's base.<ref name=usgs2/> When the eruption ends, a symmetrical cone of cinders sits at the center of a surrounding pad of lava.<ref name=usgs2/> If the crater is fully breached, the remaining walls form an amphitheatre or horseshoe shape around the vent. |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
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Revision as of 18:31, 13 December 2013
A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent.[1]
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Occurrence
Cinder cones are commonly found on the flanks of shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and calderas.[1] For example, geologists have identified nearly 100 cinder cones on the flanks of Mauna Kea, a shield volcano located on the island of Hawaii.[1] These cones are also referred to as 'scoria cones' and 'cinder and spatter cones.'[1]
The most famous cinder cone, Paricutin, grew out of a corn field in Mexico in 1943 from a new vent.[1] Eruptions continued for 9 years, built the cone to a height of 424 meters, and produced lava flows that covered 25 km².[1]
The Earth's most historically active cinder cone is Cerro Negro in Nicaragua.[1] It is part of a group of four young cinder cones NW of Las Pilas volcano. Since its initial eruption in 1850, it has erupted more than 20 times, most recently in 1995 and 1999.[1]
Based on satellite images it was suggested that cinder cones might occur on other terrestrial bodies in the Solar system too.[2] They were reported on the flanks of Pavonis Mons in Tharsis,[3][4] in the region of Hydraotes Chaos[5] or in the volcanic field Ulysses Colles.[6] It is also suggested that domical structures in Marius Hills might represent lunar cinder cones.[7]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h
This article incorporates public domain material from Photo glossary of volcano terms: Cinder cone. United States Geological Survey.
- ^ Wood, C. A., 1979b. Cinder cones on Earth, Moon and Mars. Lunar Planet. Sci. X, 1370–1372.
- ^ Bleacher, J.E., R. Greeley, D.A. Williams, S.R. Cave, and G. Neukum (2007), Trends in effusive style at the Tharsis Montes, Mars, and implications for the development of the Tharsis province, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E09005, doi:10.1029/2006JE002873.
- ^ Keszthelyi, L., W. Jaeger, A. McEwen, L. Tornabene, R. A. Beyer, C. Dundas and M. Milazzo (2008), High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images of volcanic terrains from the first 6 months of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter primary science phase, J. Geophys. Res. 113, E04005, doi:10.1029/ 2007JE002968.
- ^ MERESSE, S.; COSTARD, F.; MANGOLD, N.. Formation and evolution of the chaotic terrains by subsidence and magmatism: Hydraotes Chaos, Mars [online]. Icarus 194, 2008. Doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.023.
- ^ Brož, P., and E. Hauber (2012), An unique volcanic field in Tharsis, Mars: Pyroclastic cones as evidence for explosive eruptions, Icarus, 218, Issue 1, 88–99, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.030.
- ^ Lawrence, S. J., et al. (2013), LRO observations of morphology and surface roughness of volcanic cones and lobate lava flows in the Marius Hills, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 118, 615–634, doi:10.1002/jgre.20060.
