Classical Armenian

Classical Armenian
Classical Armenian
Region	Armenian Highlands
Era	developed into Middle Armenian
Language family	Indo-European Classical Armenian;
Early form	Proto-Armenian
Writing system	Armenian alphabet (Classical Armenian orthography)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xcl
Linguist List	xcl
Glottolog	clas1249
Linguasphere	57-AAA-aa
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classical Armenian (Armenian: գրաբար, grabar, Western Armenian krapar, meaning "literary [language]"; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in the Grabar Armenian language. Many ancient manuscripts originally written in Ancient Greek, Persian, Hebrew, Syriac and Latin survive only in their Armenian translation. Classical Armenian continues to be the liturgical language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and is often learned by Biblical, Intertestamental, and Patristic scholars dedicated to textual studies. Classical Armenian is also important for the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European language.

Phonology

Vowels

Classical Armenian has seven monophthong vowels:

/a/ (ա), /i/ (ի), /ə/ or schwa (ը), /ɛ/ or open e (ե), /e/ or closed e (է), /o/ (ո), and /u/ (ու)(transcribed as a, i, ə, e, ē, o, and u respectively). The vowel transcribed u is spelled using the Armenian letters for ow (ու), but is not actually a diphthong.

There are also traditionally six diphthongs:

ay (այ), aw (աւ, later օ), ea (եա), ew (եւ), iw (իւ), oy (ոյ).

Consonants

In the following table there is listed the Classical Armenian consonantal system. The stops and affricate consonants have, in addition to the more common voiced and unvoiced series, also a separate aspirated series (transcribed with the notation used for Ancient Greek rough breathing after the letter): p῾, t῾, c῾, č῾, k῾. For each phoneme there are three symbols in the table. The leftmost indicates the pronunciation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); in the middle there is the corresponding symbol in the Armenian alphabet; and the rightmost is its transliteration in Latin alphabet (following the 1996 ISO 9985 standard).

		Labial	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar / Palatal	Velar / Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		/m/ մ m	/n/ ն n
Stops	voiced	/b/ բ b	/d/ դ d		/ɡ/ գ g
	unvoiced	/p/ պ p	/t/ տ t		/k/ կ k
	aspirated	/pʰ/ փ p’	/tʰ/ թ t’		/kʰ/ ք k’
Affricates	voiced		/dz/ ձ j	/dʒ/ ջ ǰ
	unvoiced		/ts/ ծ ç	/tʃ/ ճ č̣
	aspirated		/tsʰ/ ց c’	/tʃʰ/ չ č
Fricatives	voiced	/v/ վ v	/z/ զ z	/ʒ/ ժ ž	/ɫ/ ղ ł
Fricatives	unvoiced	/f/ ֆ f	/s/ ս s	/ʃ/ շ š	/χ/ խ x	/h/ հ h
Approximants	lateral		/l/ լ l
Approximants	central		/ɹ/ ր r	/j/ յ y
Trill			/r/ ռ ṙ

The letter f (or ֆ) was introduced in the Medieval Period to represent the foreign sound /f/, or the voiceless labiodental fricative, and was not originally a letter in the Armenian Alphabet. ^{[citation needed]}

Reference books

Adjarian, Hrachia. (1971-9) Etymological Root Dictionary of the Armenian Language. Vol. I – IV. Yerevan: Yerevan State University.
Meillet, Antoine. (1903) Esquisse d’une grammaire comparée de l’arménien classique.
Thomson, Robert W. (1989) An Introduction to Classical Armenian. Caravan Books. (ISBN 0-88206-072-4)
Robert Godel. "An Introduction to the Study of Classical Armenian". Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1975

References

External links

Classical Armenian Online (The University of Texas at Austin)
New Dictionary of the Armenian Language (Nor Bargirk Haekazian Lezvi, Նոր Բառգիրք Հայկազեան Լեզուի), Venice 1836-1837. The seminal dictionary of Classical Armenian. Includes Armenian to Latin, and Armenian to Greek.
Pocket Dictionary of the Armenian Language (Arrdzern Barraran Haekazian Lezvi, Առձեռն Բառարան Հայկազնեան Լեզուի), Venice 1865 (second edition).
New Dictionary Armenian-English (Նոր Բառգիրք Հայ-Անգլիարէն), Venice, 1875-9.
Grabar Dictionary (Գրաբարի Բառարան), Ruben Ghazarian, Yerevan, 2000.
Grabar Thesaurus (Գրաբարի Հոմանիշների Բառարան), Ruben Ghazarian, Yerevan, 2006.
A grammar, Armenian and English by Paschal Aucher and Lord Byron. Venice 1873