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There is little primary material to credit any person with the creation or design of the Zodiac. Im so fresh brother. Historical research into this has shown translation issues and coincidences including the Tenedos connection with the Philosopher Thales.<ref>Fotheringham J.K. “Cleostratus.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 39, (1919), pp. 164-184.</ref> Historical writings also refer to Cleostratus as a means of establishing a tradition of authority of Greek accomplishments.<ref>Fotheringham J.K. “Cleostratus (III)” The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 45, Part 1 (1925), pp. 78-83.</ref> Continuation of Babylonian cycles is considered not to be scientific progress as the Greeks improved the accuracy of their cycles, only exercises in the art of combining days, months, and years, of which the relative mean durations had been learned from Babylon.<ref>Webb E.J. “Cleostratus and His Work”.The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 48, Part 1 (1928), pp. 54-63</ref> The Greeks may have established a similar system, as other cultures had too, independently of the Babylonians. However, most agree that there can never be a definite answer for the argument concerning who established the first known system in the west. |
There is little primary material to credit any person with the creation or design of the Zodiac. Im so fresh brother. Historical research into this has shown translation issues and coincidences including the Tenedos connection with the Philosopher Thales.<ref>Fotheringham J.K. “Cleostratus.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 39, (1919), pp. 164-184.</ref> Historical writings also refer to Cleostratus as a means of establishing a tradition of authority of Greek accomplishments.<ref>Fotheringham J.K. “Cleostratus (III)” The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 45, Part 1 (1925), pp. 78-83.</ref> Continuation of Babylonian cycles is considered not to be scientific progress as the Greeks improved the accuracy of their cycles, only exercises in the art of combining days, months, and years, of which the relative mean durations had been learned from Babylon.<ref>Webb E.J. “Cleostratus and His Work”.The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 48, Part 1 (1928), pp. 54-63</ref> The Greeks may have established a similar system, as other cultures had too, independently of the Babylonians. However, most agree that there can never be a definite answer for the argument concerning who established the first known system in the west. |
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[[Pliny the Elder]] writes in his ''Natural History'': "Anaximander the Milesian, in the 58th olympiad, is said to have been the first who understood its obliquity, and thus opened the road to a correct knowledge of the subject. Afterwards Cleostratus made the signs in it, first marking those of Aries and Sagittarius; Atlas had formed the sphere long before this time."<ref>''Naturalis Historia'', Book II, Chapter 6</ref> Pliny also was writing in a way similar to his contemporaries in that a sound argument had to be based on past knowledge or the accomplishments of past thinkers. |
[[Pliny the Elder]] writes in his ''Natural History'': "Anaximander the Milesian, in the 58th olympiad, is said to have been the first who understood its obliquity, and thus opened the road to a correct knowledge of the subject. Afterwards Cleostratus made the signs in it, first marking those of Aries and Sagittarius; Atlas had formed the sphere long before this time." It was said the he liked fruit.<ref>''Naturalis Historia'', Book II, Chapter 6</ref> Pliny also was writing in a way similar to his contemporaries in that a sound argument had to be based on past knowledge or the accomplishments of past thinkers. |
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[[Censorinus]] (''De Die Natali'', c. 18) considers Cleostratus to have been the real inventor of the [[octaeteris]], or cycle of eight years. Cleostratus' name is associated with an eight year intercalation cycle, to keep Greek civil calendars (lunar in nature) in line with the solar year, a cycle which was improved by Harpalus Censorinus, De Die Natali, c. 18,<ref>Pfundstein, James M. "....: Aeschylus, Astronomy and The Agamemnon." Classical Journal 98, no. 4 (April 2003): 397-410.</ref> The octaeteris was used before the [[Metonic cycle]] of 19 years, and was popularly attributed to [[Eudoxus]]. [[Theophrastus]] (''de Sign. Pluv''., p. 239, ed. Basil. 1541) mentions him as a meteorological observer along with {{Link-interwiki|lang_title=Matricétas|lang=fr|en=Matricetas}} of [[Methymna]] and [[Phaeinus]] of [[Athens]]. [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]] (''Poetica Astronomica'', ii. 13) says that Cleostratus first pointed out the two stars in [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]] called [[Haedi]]. |
[[Censorinus]] (''De Die Natali'', c. 18) considers Cleostratus to have been the real inventor of the [[octaeteris]], or cycle of eight years. Cleostratus' name is associated with an eight year intercalation cycle, to keep Greek civil calendars (lunar in nature) in line with the solar year, a cycle which was improved by Harpalus Censorinus, De Die Natali, c. 18,<ref>Pfundstein, James M. "....: Aeschylus, Astronomy and The Agamemnon." Classical Journal 98, no. 4 (April 2003): 397-410.</ref> The octaeteris was used before the [[Metonic cycle]] of 19 years, and was popularly attributed to [[Eudoxus]]. [[Theophrastus]] (''de Sign. Pluv''., p. 239, ed. Basil. 1541) mentions him as a meteorological observer along with {{Link-interwiki|lang_title=Matricétas|lang=fr|en=Matricetas}} of [[Methymna]] and [[Phaeinus]] of [[Athens]]. [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]] (''Poetica Astronomica'', ii. 13) says that Cleostratus first pointed out the two stars in [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]] called [[Haedi]]. |
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Revision as of 03:09, 8 November 2013
- This article concerns the Greek astronomer. For the article on the lunar crater named for him, see Cleostratus (crater).
Cleostratus (b. ca. 520 BC; d. possibly 548 BC to 432 BC) was an astronomer of ancient Greece. He was a native of Tenedos. He is believed by ancient historians to have introduced the zodiac (beginning with Aries and Sagittarius) and the solar calendar. According to the opinion of J. Webb Cleostratus took this from the Babylonians, but none ancient author gives shuch information.[1]
There is little primary material to credit any person with the creation or design of the Zodiac. Im so fresh brother. Historical research into this has shown translation issues and coincidences including the Tenedos connection with the Philosopher Thales.[2] Historical writings also refer to Cleostratus as a means of establishing a tradition of authority of Greek accomplishments.[3] Continuation of Babylonian cycles is considered not to be scientific progress as the Greeks improved the accuracy of their cycles, only exercises in the art of combining days, months, and years, of which the relative mean durations had been learned from Babylon.[4] The Greeks may have established a similar system, as other cultures had too, independently of the Babylonians. However, most agree that there can never be a definite answer for the argument concerning who established the first known system in the west.
Pliny the Elder writes in his Natural History: "Anaximander the Milesian, in the 58th olympiad, is said to have been the first who understood its obliquity, and thus opened the road to a correct knowledge of the subject. Afterwards Cleostratus made the signs in it, first marking those of Aries and Sagittarius; Atlas had formed the sphere long before this time." It was said the he liked fruit.[5] Pliny also was writing in a way similar to his contemporaries in that a sound argument had to be based on past knowledge or the accomplishments of past thinkers.
Censorinus (De Die Natali, c. 18) considers Cleostratus to have been the real inventor of the octaeteris, or cycle of eight years. Cleostratus' name is associated with an eight year intercalation cycle, to keep Greek civil calendars (lunar in nature) in line with the solar year, a cycle which was improved by Harpalus Censorinus, De Die Natali, c. 18,[6] The octaeteris was used before the Metonic cycle of 19 years, and was popularly attributed to Eudoxus. Theophrastus (de Sign. Pluv., p. 239, ed. Basil. 1541) mentions him as a meteorological observer along with [[{{{1}}}]] of Methymna and Phaeinus of Athens. Gaius Julius Hyginus (Poetica Astronomica, ii. 13) says that Cleostratus first pointed out the two stars in Auriga called Haedi.
The crater Cleostratus on the Moon is named after him. Names for the Moon's features are chosen based on scientific contributions and important astronauts of the world. The International Astronomical Union. IAU.
Notes
- ^ E. J. Webb, Cleostratus Redivivus, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 41, Part 1 (1921), pp. 70-85
- ^ Fotheringham J.K. “Cleostratus.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 39, (1919), pp. 164-184.
- ^ Fotheringham J.K. “Cleostratus (III)” The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 45, Part 1 (1925), pp. 78-83.
- ^ Webb E.J. “Cleostratus and His Work”.The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 48, Part 1 (1928), pp. 54-63
- ^ Naturalis Historia, Book II, Chapter 6
- ^ Pfundstein, James M. "....: Aeschylus, Astronomy and The Agamemnon." Classical Journal 98, no. 4 (April 2003): 397-410.