Closed graph theorem (functional analysis)
In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis and topology, the closed graph theorem is a result connecting the continuity of certain kinds of functions to a topological property of their graph. In its most elementary form, the closed graph theorem states that a linear function between two Banach spaces is continuous if and only if the graph of that function is closed.
The closed graph theorem has extensive application throughout functional analysis, because it can control whether a partially-defined linear operator admits continuous extensions. For this reason, it has been generalized to many circumstances beyond the elementary formulation above.
Preliminaries
The closed graph theorem is a result about linear map between two vector spaces endowed with topologies making them into topological vector spaces (TVSs). We will henceforth assume that and are topological vector spaces, such as Banach spaces for example, and that Cartesian products, such as are endowed with the product topology. The graph of this function is the subset of where denotes the function's domain. The map is said to have a closed graph (in ) if its graph is a closed subset of product space (with the usual product topology). Similarly, is said to have a sequentially closed graph if is a sequentially closed subset of
A closed linear operator is a linear map whose graph is closed (it need not be continuous or bounded). It is common in functional analysis to call such maps "closed", but this should not be confused the non-equivalent notion of a "closed map" that appears in general topology.
Partial functions
It is common in functional analysis to consider partial functions, which are functions defined on a dense subset of some space A partial function is declared with the notation which indicates that has prototype (that is, its domain is and its codomain is ) and that is a dense subset of Since the domain is denoted by it is not always necessary to assign a symbol (such as ) to a partial function's domain, in which case the notation or may be used to indicate that is a partial function with codomain whose domain is a dense subset of [1] A densely defined linear operator between vector spaces is a partial function whose domain is a dense vector subspace of a TVS such that is a linear map. A prototypical example of a partial function is the derivative operator, which is only defined on the space of once continuously differentiable functions, a dense subset of the space of continuous functions.
Every partial function is, in particular, a function and so all terminology for functions can be applied to them. For instance, the graph of a partial function is (as before) the set However, one exception to this is the definition of "closed graph". A partial function is said to have a closed graph (respectively, a sequentially closed graph) if is a closed (respectively, sequentially closed) subset of in the product topology; importantly, note that the product space is and not as it was defined above for ordinary functions.[note 1]
Closable maps and closures
A linear operator is closable in if there exists a vector subspace containing and a function (resp. multifunction) whose graph is equal to the closure of the set in Such an is called a closure of in , is denoted by and necessarily extends
If is a closable linear operator then a core or an essential domain of is a subset such that the closure in of the graph of the restriction of to is equal to the closure of the graph of in (i.e. the closure of in is equal to the closure of in ).
Characterizations of closed graphs (general topology)
Throughout, let and be topological spaces and is endowed with the product topology.
Function with a closed graph
If is a function then it is said to have a closed graph if it satisfies any of the following are equivalent conditions:
- (Definition): The graph of is a closed subset of
- For every and net in such that in if is such that the net in then [2]
- Compare this to the definition of continuity in terms of nets, which recall is the following: for every and net in such that in in
- Thus to show that the function has a closed graph, it may be assumed that converges in to some (and then show that ) while to show that is continuous, it may not be assumed that converges in to some and instead, it must be proven that this is true (and moreover, it must more specifically be proven that converges to in ).
and if is a Hausdorff compact space then we may add to this list:
- is continuous.[3]
and if both and are first-countable spaces then we may add to this list:
- has a sequentially closed graph in
Function with a sequentially closed graph
If is a function then the following are equivalent:
- has a sequentially closed graph in
- Definition: the graph of is a sequentially closed subset of
- For every and sequence in such that in if is such that the net in then [2]
Basic properties of maps with closed graphs
Suppose is a linear operator between Banach spaces.
- If is closed then is closed where is a scalar and is the identity function.
- If is closed, then its kernel (or nullspace) is a closed vector subspace of
- If is closed and injective then its inverse is also closed.
- A linear operator admits a closure if and only if for every and every pair of sequences and in both converging to in such that both and converge in one has
Examples and counterexamples
Continuous but not closed maps
- Let denote the real numbers with the usual Euclidean topology and let denote with the indiscrete topology (where is not Hausdorff and that every function valued in is continuous). Let be defined by and for all Then is continuous but its graph is not closed in [2]
- If is any space then the identity map is continuous but its graph, which is the diagonal is closed in if and only if is Hausdorff.[4] In particular, if is not Hausdorff then is continuous but not closed.
- If is a continuous map whose graph is not closed then is not a Hausdorff space.
Closed but not continuous maps
- If is a Hausdorff TVS and is a vector topology on that is strictly finer than then the identity map a closed discontinuous linear operator.[5]
- Consider the derivative operator where is the Banach space of all continuous functions on an interval If one takes its domain to be then is a closed operator, which is not bounded.[6] On the other hand, if is the space of smooth functions scalar valued functions then will no longer be closed, but it will be closable, with the closure being its extension defined on
- Let and both denote the real numbers with the usual Euclidean topology. Let be defined by and for all Then has a closed graph (and a sequentially closed graph) in but it is not continuous (since it has a discontinuity at ).[2]
- Let denote the real numbers with the usual Euclidean topology, let denote with the discrete topology, and let be the identity map (i.e. for every ). Then is a linear map whose graph is closed in but it is clearly not continuous (since singleton sets are open in but not in ).[2]
Closed graph theorems
Between Banach spaces
Closed Graph Theorem for Banach spaces — If is an everywhere-defined linear operator between Banach spaces, then the following are equivalent:
- is continuous.
- is closed (that is, the graph of is closed in the product topology on
- If in then in
- If in then in
- If in and if converges in to some then
- If in and if converges in to some then
The operator is required to be everywhere-defined, that is, the domain of is This condition is necessary, as there exist closed linear operators that are unbounded (not continuous); a prototypical example is provided by the derivative operator on whose domain is a strict subset of
The usual proof of the closed graph theorem employs the open mapping theorem. In fact, the closed graph theorem, the open mapping theorem and the bounded inverse theorem are all equivalent. This equivalence also serves to demonstrate the importance of and being Banach; one can construct linear maps that have unbounded inverses in this setting, for example, by using either continuous functions with compact support or by using sequences with finitely many non-zero terms along with the supremum norm.
Complete metrizable codomain
The closed graph theorem can be generalized from Banach spaces to more abstract topological vector spaces in the following ways.
Theorem — A linear operator from a barrelled space to a Fréchet space is continuous if and only if its graph is closed.
Between F-spaces
There are versions that does not require to be locally convex.
This theorem is restated and extend it with some conditions that can be used to determine if a graph is closed:
Theorem — If is a linear map between two F-spaces, then the following are equivalent:
- is continuous.
- has a closed graph.
- If in and if converges in to some then [9]
- If in and if converges in to some then
Complete pseudometrizable codomain
Every metrizable topological space is pseudometrizable. A pseudometrizable space is metrizable if and only if it is Hausdorff.
Closed Graph Theorem[10] — Also, a closed linear map from a locally convex ultrabarrelled space into a complete pseudometrizable TVS is continuous.
Closed Graph Theorem — A closed and bounded linear map from a locally convex infrabarreled space into a complete pseudometrizable locally convex space is continuous.[10]
Codomain not complete or (pseudo) metrizable
Theorem[11] — Suppose that is a linear map whose graph is closed. If is an inductive limit of Baire TVSs and is a webbed space then is continuous.
Closed Graph Theorem[10] — A closed surjective linear map from a complete pseudometrizable TVS onto a locally convex ultrabarrelled space is continuous.
An even more general version of the closed graph theorem is
Theorem[12] — Suppose that and are two topological vector spaces (they need not be Hausdorff or locally convex) with the following property:
- If is any closed subspace of and is any continuous map of onto then is an open mapping.
Under this condition, if is a linear map whose graph is closed then is continuous.
Borel graph theorem
The Borel graph theorem, proved by L. Schwartz, shows that the closed graph theorem is valid for linear maps defined on and valued in most spaces encountered in analysis.[13] Recall that a topological space is called a Polish space if it is a separable complete metrizable space and that a Souslin space is the continuous image of a Polish space. The weak dual of a separable Fréchet space and the strong dual of a separable Fréchet-Montel space are Souslin spaces. Also, the space of distributions and all Lp-spaces over open subsets of Euclidean space as well as many other spaces that occur in analysis are Souslin spaces. The Borel graph theorem states:
Borel Graph Theorem — Let be linear map between two locally convex Hausdorff spaces and If is the inductive limit of an arbitrary family of Banach spaces, if is a Souslin space, and if the graph of is a Borel set in then is continuous.[13]
An improvement upon this theorem, proved by A. Martineau, uses K-analytic spaces.
A topological space is called a if it is the countable intersection of countable unions of compact sets.
A Hausdorff topological space is called K-analytic if it is the continuous image of a space (that is, if there is a space and a continuous map of onto ).
Every compact set is K-analytic so that there are non-separable K-analytic spaces. Also, every Polish, Souslin, and reflexive Fréchet space is K-analytic as is the weak dual of a Frechet space. The generalized Borel graph theorem states:
Generalized Borel Graph Theorem[14] — Let be a linear map between two locally convex Hausdorff spaces and If is the inductive limit of an arbitrary family of Banach spaces, if is a K-analytic space, and if the graph of is closed in then is continuous.
Related results
If is closed linear operator from a Hausdorff locally convex TVS into a Hausdorff finite-dimensional TVS then is continuous.[15]
See also
- Almost open linear map – Map that satisfies a condition similar to that of being an open map.
- Barrelled space – Type of topological vector space
- Closed graph – Graph of a map closed in the product space
- Closed linear operator
- Densely defined operator – Function that is defined almost everywhere (mathematics)
- Discontinuous linear map
- Kakutani fixed-point theorem – Fixed-point theorem for set-valued functions
- Open mapping theorem (functional analysis) – Condition for a linear operator to be open
- Ursescu theorem – Generalization of closed graph, open mapping, and uniform boundedness theorem
- Webbed space – Space where open mapping and closed graph theorems hold
References
Notes
- ^ In contrast, when is considered as an ordinary function (rather than as the partial function ), then "having a closed graph" would instead mean that is a closed subset of If is a closed subset of then it is also a closed subset of although the converse is not guaranteed in general.
- ^ Dolecki & Mynard 2016, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b c d e Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 459–483.
- ^ Munkres 2000, p. 171.
- ^ Rudin 1991, p. 50.
- ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 480.
- ^ Kreyszig, Erwin (1978). Introductory Functional Analysis With Applications. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Inc. p. 294. ISBN 0-471-50731-8.
- ^ Schaefer & Wolff 1999, p. 78.
- ^ Trèves (2006), p. 173
- ^ Rudin 1991, pp. 50–52.
- ^ a b c Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 474–476.
- ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 479-483.
- ^ Trèves 2006, p. 169.
- ^ a b Trèves 2006, p. 549.
- ^ Trèves 2006, pp. 557–558.
- ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 476.
Bibliography
- Adasch, Norbert; Ernst, Bruno; Keim, Dieter (1978). Topological Vector Spaces: The Theory Without Convexity Conditions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 639. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-08662-8. OCLC 297140003.
- Banach, Stefan (1932). Théorie des Opérations Linéaires [Theory of Linear Operations] (PDF). Monografie Matematyczne (in French). Vol. 1. Warszawa: Subwencji Funduszu Kultury Narodowej. Zbl 0005.20901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- Berberian, Sterling K. (1974). Lectures in Functional Analysis and Operator Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 15. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90081-0. OCLC 878109401.
- Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987) [1981]. Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1–5. Éléments de mathématique. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-13627-4. OCLC 17499190.
- Conway, John (1990). A course in functional analysis. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 96 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97245-9. OCLC 21195908.
- Edwards, Robert E. (1995). Functional Analysis: Theory and Applications. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68143-6. OCLC 30593138.
- Dolecki, Szymon; Mynard, Frederic (2016). Convergence Foundations Of Topology. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-4571-52-4. OCLC 945169917.
- Dubinsky, Ed (1979). The Structure of Nuclear Fréchet Spaces. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 720. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-09504-0. OCLC 5126156.
- Grothendieck, Alexander (1973). Topological Vector Spaces. Translated by Chaljub, Orlando. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. ISBN 978-0-677-30020-7. OCLC 886098.
- Husain, Taqdir; Khaleelulla, S. M. (1978). Barrelledness in Topological and Ordered Vector Spaces. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 692. Berlin, New York, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-09096-0. OCLC 4493665.
- Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN 978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC 8210342.
- Köthe, Gottfried (1983) [1969]. Topological Vector Spaces I. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 159. Translated by Garling, D.J.H. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-64988-2. MR 0248498. OCLC 840293704.
- Kriegl, Andreas; Michor, Peter W. (1997). The Convenient Setting of Global Analysis (PDF). Mathematical Surveys and Monographs. Vol. 53. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-0780-4. OCLC 37141279.
- Munkres, James R. (2000). Topology (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-181629-9. OCLC 42683260.
- Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). Topological Vector Spaces. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1584888666. OCLC 144216834.
- Robertson, Alex P.; Robertson, Wendy J. (1980). Topological Vector Spaces. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. Vol. 53. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29882-7. OCLC 589250.
- Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC 21163277.
- Schaefer, Helmut H.; Wolff, Manfred P. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
- Swartz, Charles (1992). An introduction to Functional Analysis. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8643-4. OCLC 24909067.
- Trèves, François (2006) [1967]. Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.
- Wilansky, Albert (2013). Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-49353-4. OCLC 849801114.
- "Proof of closed graph theorem". PlanetMath.