Co-channel interference

Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same frequency. There can be several causes of co-channel radio interference; four examples are listed here.

Cellular Mobile Networks: In cellular mobile communication (GSM & LTE Systems, for instance), frequency spectrum is a precious resource which is divided into non-overlapping spectrum bands which are assigned to different cells (In cellular communications, a cell refers to the hexagonal/circular area around the base station antenna). However, after certain geographical distance, the frequency bands are re-used, i.e. the same spectrum bands are re-assigned to other distant cells. The co-channel interference arises in the cellular mobile networks owing to this phenomenon of Frequency reuse. Thus, besides the intended signal from within the cell, signals at the same frequencies (co-channel signals) arrive at the receiver from the undesired transmitters located (far away) in some other cells and lead to deterioration in receiver performance.

Adverse weather conditions: During periods of uniquely high-pressure weather, VHF signals which would normally exit through the atmosphere can instead be reflected by the troposphere. This tropospheric ducting will cause the signal to travel much further than intended; often causing interference to local transmitters in the areas affected by the increased range of the distant transmitter.

Poor frequency planning: Poor planning of frequencies by broadcasters can cause CCI, although this is rare. A very localised example is Listowel in the south-west of Ireland. The 2RN UHF television transmitter systems in Listowel and Knockmoyle (near Tralee) are on the same frequencies but with opposite polarisation. However in some outskirts of Listowel town, both transmitters can be picked up causing heavy CCI. This problem forces residents in these areas to use alternative transmitters to receive RTÉ programming. Another example is the surrounding area of viewers that can receive mainly Gunung Ledang transmitter in Malaysia. Examples are TV1 and TV2 from Bukit Tinggi and Bukit Tampin, who are using both Channel 6 and Channel 9. Moreover, Negeri FM from Bukit Tampin and Asyik FM from Gunung Ledang, which frequencies are 95.7MHz and 95.6MHz respectively. TV3 and TV1 from Gunung Ledang and Suria and Channel U from Singapore also using same frequency, who are using both Channel 12 and Channel 28. That Channel 12 and 28 from Ledang transmits in high TX power, causing interference in most of Johor area, but viewers are still able to receive TV station from Gunung Pulai (Johor Bahru) well. This causing difficulty for viewers who watching using analogue TV, and needs to using alternate transmitter or even using better antenna for better reception, or force them to subscribe Astro/buying NJOI satellite or Unifi Fibre service. In addition, Minnal FM from Gunung Kledang, Ipoh which transmits to Central Perak and 988FM from Gunung Ulu Kali which transmits to Klang Valley and South Perak, which are on 98.9 MHz and 98.8 MHz respectively. The 98.9MHz can transmits to most of Perak area, causing interference in most of Perak area, but listeners are still able to tune to Minnal FM on 96.3 MHz from Gunung Ulu Kali (Klang Valley, South Perak and Tapah) or 107.9 MHz from Maxwell Hill, Taiping, and 988 on 99.8 MHz from Gunung Kledang, Ipoh. Another case is a Islamic channel TV Alhijrah, which three of the transmitters, Gunung Ulu Kali, Gunung Keldang and Bukit Tampin, all using the same frequency of 743.25MHz, will causing interference in some areas and therefore some areas cannot even receiving the channel. Affected areas must use A

stro,NJOI or Unifi IPTV to receive this channel.

Overly-crowded radio spectrum: In many populated areas, there just isn't much room in the radio spectrum. Stations will be jam-packed in, sometimes to the point that one can hear loud and clear two, three, or more stations on the same frequency, at once. In the USA, the FCC propagation models used to space stations on the same frequency are not always accurate in prediction of signals and interference. An example of this situation is in some parts of Fayetteville, Arkansas the local 99.5 FM KAKS is displaced by KXBL 99.5 FM in Tulsa, particularly on the west side of significant hills. Another example would be of Cleveland's WKKY 104.7 having interference from Toledo's WIOT 104.7 FM on the Ontario shore of Lake Erie, as well as Woodstock's CIHR-FM (on rare occasions), which is also on 104.7 FM, due to the signals travelling very far across Lake Erie. The interference to WIOT from the operation of W284BQ, translator, has been resolved by the FCC. Effective October 18, 2011 it must cease operation.

Daytime vs Nighttime: In the Medium frequency portion of the radio spectrum where most AM broadcasting is allocated, signals propagate full-time via groundwave and, at nighttime, via skywave as well. This means that during the nighttime hours, co-channel interference exists on many AM radio frequencies due to the medium waves reflecting off the ionosphere and being bounced back down to earth. In the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Bahamas, there are international agreements on certain frequencies which allocate "clear-channel" broadcasting for certain stations to either have their respective frequencies to themselves at night, or to share their respective frequencies with other stations located over hundreds or even thousands of miles away. On other frequencies, there are "Regional Channels" where most stations on these frequencies either reduce power or change to a directional antenna system at nighttime to help reduce co-channel interference to each other's signals. In the United States, there are six "Local Channel" frequencies, also known as "graveyarders" where nearly every station on those frequencies has the same power and antenna pattern both day and night and, as a result of skywave propagation, there is normally massive co-channel interference in rural areas on these frequencies, often making it difficult, if not impossible, to understand what's being said on the nearest local station on the respective channel, or the other distant stations which are bouncing on the same channel, during the nighttime hours. Skywave has been used for long distance AM radio reception since radio's inception and should not be construed as a negative aspect of AM radio. FCC deregulation allowed many new AM radio stations on the former clear and regional channel designations; this is the principal cause of overcrowding on the AM band at night. A new source of interference on the AM broadcast band is the new digital broadcast system called HD, any AM station that broadcasts HD superimposes digital "hash" on its adjacent channels. This is especially apparent at night as some stations, for example WBZ transmits its 30 kHz wide signal for hundreds of miles at night causing documented interference and covering another station on an adjoining frequency (WYSL 1040) as far as 400 miles away, The FCC refuses to do anything about interference to the AM band ignoring HD and many other man made causes of interference to AM radio including many electronic devices. Although there are FCC rules against interference they routinely ignore them.
Cancellation of signal: In addition, many AM stations, including but not limited to the clear channel stations, often experience cancellation of their own signals within the inner and outer fringes of their normal groundwave coverage areas at nighttime due to the stations' individual skywave signals reaching the listeners' receivers at or near equal strength to the stations' individual groundwave signals; this phenomenon is very similar to the multipath interference experienced on FM Radio in the VHF band within mountainous regions and urban areas due to signals bouncing off of mountains, buildings, and other structures, except that the groundwave-skywave cancellation occurs almost exclusively at nighttime when skywave propagation is present.

Co-channel interference may be controlled by various radio resource management schemes.

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