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Colorectal polyp

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Colon polyps
Polyp of sigmoid colon as revealed by colonoscopy. Approximately 1 cm in diameter. The polyp was removed by snare cautery
SpecialtyGastroenterology Edit this on Wikidata

A colorectal polyp is a polyp (fleshy growth) occurring on the lining of the colon or rectum.[1] Untreated colorectal polyps can develop into colorectal cancer.[2]

Colorectal polyps are often classified by their behaviour (i.e. benign vs. malignant) or cause (e.g. as a consequence of inflammatory bowel disease). They may be benign (e.g. hyperplastic polyp), pre-malignant (e.g. tubular adenoma) or malignant (e.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma).

Signs and symptoms

Colorectal polyps are not usually associated with symptoms.[2] When they occur, symptoms include rectal bleeding, bloody stools, abdominal pain and fatigue.[2] A change in bowel habits may occur including constipation and diarrhoea.[3] Occasionally, if a polyp is big enough to cause a bowel obstruction, there may be nausea, vomiting and severe constipation.[3]

Structure

Polyps are either pedunculated (attached to the intestinal wall by a stalk) or sessile (grow directly from the wall).[4]

Types

The most common general classification is:

  • hyperplastic,
  • neoplastic (adenomatous & malignant),
  • hamartomatous and,
  • inflammatory.

Hyperplastic polyp

Most hyperplastic polyps are found in the distal colon and rectum.[5] They have no malignant potential,[5] which means that they are no more likely than normal tissue to eventually become a cancer.

Hyperplastic polyps are serrated polyps. Hyperplastic polyps have three histologic patterns of growth: microvesicular, goblet cell and mucin poor.

Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome is a rare condition that has been defined by the World Health Organization as either:

  1. Five or more hyperplastic polyps proximal to the sigmoid colon, with two polyps greater than 10mm in diameter; or
  2. Any number of hyperplastic polyps proximal to the sigmoid colon in a person with a first degree relative who has hyperplastic polyposis syndrome; or
  3. More than 30 hyperplastic polyps of any size throughout the colon and rectum.[6]

Although thought to exhibit no malignant potential, hyperplastic polyps have been shown that on the right side of the colon do exhibit a malignant potential. This occurs through multiple mutations which affect the DNA-mismatch-repair pathways. As such DNA mutations during replication are not repaired. This leads to microsatellite instability which can eventually lead to malignant transformation in polyps on the right side of the colon.

Neoplastic polyp

A neoplasm is a tissue whose cells have lost its normal differentiation. They can be either benign growths or malignant growths. The malignant growths can either have primary or secondary causes.

Adenomas

Neoplastic polyps of the bowel are often benign hence called adenomas. An adenoma is a tumor of glandular tissue, that has not (yet) gained the properties of a cancer.

The common adenomas of the colon (colorectal adenoma) are the tubular, tubulovillous, villous, and sessile serrated (SSA).[5]

As is evident from their name, sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) have a serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically from hyperplastic polyps.[5] Making this distinction is important, however, since SSAs and TSAs have the potential to become cancers,[6] while hyperplastic polyps do not.[5]

The villous subdivision are associated with the highest malignant potential because they generally have the largest surface area. (This is because the villi are projections into the lumen and hence have a bigger surface area.) However, villous adenomas are no more likely than tubular or tubulovillous adenomas to become cancerous if their sizes are all the same.[5]

Hamartomatous polyp

Hamartomatous polyps are tumours, like growths found in organs as a result of faulty development. They are normally made up of a mixture of tissues. They contain mucus-filled glands, with retention cysts, abundant connective tissue, and a chronic cellular infiltration of eosinophils.[7] They grow at the normal rate of the host tissue and rarely cause problems such as compression. A common example of a hamartomatous lesion is a strawberry naevus. Hamartomatous polyps are often found by chance; occurring in syndromes such as Peutz-Jegher Syndrome or Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with polyps of the GI tract and also increased pigmentation around the lips, genitalia, buccal mucosa feet and hands. People are often diagnosed with Peutz-Jegher after presenting at around the age of 9 with an intussusception. The polyps themselves carry little malignant potential but because of potential coexisting adenomas there is a 15% chance of colonic malignancy.

Juvenile polyps are hamartomatous polyps which often become evident before twenty years of age, but can also be seen in adults. They are usually solitary polyps found in the rectum which most commonly present with rectal bleeding. Juvenile polyposis syndrome is characterised by the presence of more than five polyps in the colon or rectum, or numerous juvenile polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract, or any number of juvenile polyps in any person with a family history of juvenile polyposis. People with juvenile polyposis have an increased risk of colon cancer.[6]

Inflammatory polyp

These are polyps which are associated with inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Diagnosis

Colorectal polyps can be detected using a faecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, digital rectal examination, barium enema or a pill camera.[3]

Malignant potential is associated with

  • degree of dysplasia
  • Type of polyp (e.g. villous adenoma):
    • Tubular Adenoma: 5% risk of cancer
    • Tubulovillous adenoma: 20% risk of cancer
    • Villous adenoma: 40% risk of cancer
  • Size of polyp:
    • <1 cm =<1% risk of cancer[8]
    • 1-2 cm=10% risk of cancer[8]
    • >2 cm=50% risk of cancer[8]

Normally an adenoma which is greater than 0.5 cm is treated

Prevention

Diet and lifestyle are believed to play a large role in whether colorectal polyps form. Studies show there to be a protective link between consumption of cooked green vegetables, brown rice, legumes, and dried fruit and decreased incidence of colorectal polyps.[9]

Treatment

Polyps can be removed during a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy using a wire loop that cuts the stalk of the polyp and cauterises it to prevent bleeding.[3] Many "defiant" polyps—large, flat, and otherwise laterally spreading adenomas—may be removed endoscopically by a technique called endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), which involves injection of fluid underneath the lesion to lift it and thus facilitate surgical excision. These techniques may be employed as an alternative to the more invasive colectomy.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Santero, Michael; Dennis Lee (2005-03-25). "Colon polyp symptoms, diagnosis and treatment". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  2. ^ a b c Lehrer, Jenifer K. (2006-07-25). "Colorectal polyps". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  3. ^ a b c d "Colon polyps". Mayo Clinic. 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  4. ^ Classen, Meinhard; Tytgat, G. N. J.; Lightdale, Charles J. (2002). Gastroenterological Endoscopy. Thieme. p. 303. ISBN 1-58890-013-4.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Kumar, Vinay (2010). "17 - Polyps". Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5.
  6. ^ a b c Stoler, Mark A.; Mills, Stacey E.; Carter, Darryl; Joel K Greenson; Reuter, Victor E. (2009). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7942-1.[page needed]
  7. ^ Calva, Daniel; Howe, James R (2008). "Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes". Surgical Clinics of North America. 88 (4): 779–817, vii. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2008.05.002. PMC 2659506. PMID 18672141.
  8. ^ a b c Summers, Ronald M (2010). "Polyp Size Measurement at CT Colonography: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?". Radiology. 255 (3): 707–20. doi:10.1148/radiol.10090877. PMC 2875919. PMID 20501711.
  9. ^ Tantamango, Yessenia M; Knutsen, Synnove F; Beeson, W. Lawrence; Fraser, Gary; Sabate, Joan (2011). "Foods and Food Groups Associated with the Incidence of Colorectal Polyps: The Adventist Health Study". Nutrition and Cancer. 63 (4): 565–72. doi:10.1080/01635581.2011.551988. PMC 3427008. PMID 21547850.
  10. ^ "How I Do It" — Removing large or sessile colonic polyps. Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine Brian Saunders; St. Mark’s Academic Institute; Harrow, Middlesex, UK. Retrieved April 9, 2008.


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