Conistra ligula

Conistra ligula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Noctuidae
Genus:	Conistra
Species:	C. ligula
Binomial name
	Conistra ligula; (Esper, 1791)
Synonyms
	Phalaena (Noctua) ligula Esper, 1791; Phalaena (Noctua) ligula Esper, 1804; Noctua subnigra Haworth, 1809; Cerastis vaccinii var. brigensis Boisduval, 1840; Orrhodia jullieni Culot, 1913;

The Dark Chestnut (Conistra ligula) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

Illustration from John Curtis's *British Entomology* Volume 5

Distribution

Western, Central and Southern Europe. In Western Europe, it is missing in many parts of Scotland and the western part of Ireland. In Central Europe it is missing on the German North Sea coast, in Denmark, the entirety of Fennoscandia wooded, the Northern Baltic country and the Central and Northern Russia. The species also does not occur on many islands of the Mediterranean. In North Africa, it is found in Morocco. Further East, its range extends into Northern Iraq, Turkey and Armenia.

Description

The length of the forewings is 13–15 mm. "Forewing deep red brown or purplish brown, darker than vaccinii; a pale submarginal band, grey or brownish grey, on which stand the spots forming the submarginal line; the lines and edges of the stigmata, and often the veins pale; hindwing brownish fuscous."^[1] Differential characters: Dark brown or red brown base colour of the forewings. Pale subterminal fascia. Brown fuscous hindwings.

Biology

It overwinters partially as an egg and partially as imago. Mainly females overwinter as imago.

Larva yellowish brown; the lines pale, but obscure; spiracular line pinkish ochreous, dark-edged above; spiracles black. The larvae feed on Salix, Quercus, Prunus spinosa and Crataegus. Later instars feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Rumex and Taraxacum officinale.^[2]

Subspecies

Conistra ligula ligula
Conistra ligula gemella Rungs, 1972 (Morocco)

References

^ Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914
^ "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London".

External links

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[1] Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914

[2] "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London".

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