Convoy HX 79
| Convoy HX.79 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of World War II | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Kriegsmarine |
 Royal Navy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Admiral Karl Dönitz | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 5 U-boats |
49 ships 11 escorts | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| none |
12 ships sunk 1 damaged | ||||||
HX 79 was an Allied North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II.
It suffered major losses from a U-boat attack, and, with the attack on convoy SC 7 the previous day, represents the worst two days shipping losses in the entire Atlantic campaign.
Prelude
HX 79 was an east-bound convoy of 49 ships which sailed from Halifax on 8 October 1940 making for Liverpool with war materials. On 19 October, 4 days from landfall, HX 79 was entering the Western Approaches, and had caught up with the position of SC 7, which was under attack.
The escort for the crossing had been meagre, being provided by two armed merchant cruisers against the possibility of attack by a surface raider, but even these had departed when HX 79 was sighted by U-47, commanded by submarine ace Kapitänleutnant Günther Prien.
At this point HX 79 was unescorted; Prien sent a sighting report and set to shadowing the convoy, while Konteradmiral Karl Dönitz ordered the pack to assemble. Those U-boats which had attacked SC 7 and were still able to fight (three had departed to re-arm having expended all their torpedoes) were directed to the scene. Four did so, U-100 (Joachim Schepke), U-46 (Engelbert Endrass), U-48 (Heinrich Bleichrodt) and U-38 (Heinrich Liebe) joining U-47 during the day.
However the Admiralty, concerned by the fate of SC 7 and anticipating an attack, rushed reinforcements to the scene; throughout the day a large escort force of 11 warships also gathered to provide cover. This consisted of destroyers Whitehall, Sturdy; corvettes Hibiscus, Heliotrope, Coreopsis, and Arabis; also three armed naval trawlers, a minesweeper and a submarine.
Action
Undeterred by their presence however, the pack attacked as night fell; using the darkness to cover an approach on the surface, Prien penetrated the escort screen from the south to attack from within the convoy, while Endrass (who had learned his trade as Prien’s 1st officer), did the same from the north.
Over the next six hours, 13 ships were torpedoed; 6 by U-47 alone (4 of which were sunk). 10 ships were sunk from the convoy, and 2 stragglers were lost later in the day. These were Shirak, which had been torpedoed in the night, and Loch Lomond, sailing with the convoy as a rescue ship. Another, Athelmonarch, was damaged but was able to make port.
HX 79 had lost 12 ships out of 49, a total tonnage of 75,069 gross register tons (GRT).
None of the attacking U-boats were damaged.
Ships in the convoy[1]
| Name | Flag | Tonnage (GRT) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| HMS Angle (FY201) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19 Oct ASW trawler | |
| HMS Arabis (K73) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19 Oct - 23 Oct | |
| Athelmonarch (1928) |  United Kingdom
|
8,995 | Arrived with torpedo damage by U-47 |
| Atland (1910) |  Sweden
|
5,203 | |
| Axel Johnson (1925) | Sweden
|
4,915 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Baron Carnegie (1925) | United Kingdom
|
3,178 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Benwood (1910) |  Norway
|
3,931 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Biafra (1933) | United Kingdom
|
5,405 | |
| Bilderdijk (1922) |  Netherlands
|
6,856 | Sunk by U-47[2] |
| HMS Blackfly (FY117) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19 Oct ASW trawler | |
| Blairnevis (1930) | United Kingdom
|
4,155 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Brittany (1928) | United Kingdom
|
4,772 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Cadillac (1917) | United Kingdom
|
12,062 | |
| Cairnvalona (1918) | United Kingdom
|
4,929 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Campus (1925) | United Kingdom
|
3,667 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Cape Corso (1929) | United Kingdom
|
3,807 | |
| Caprella (1931) | United Kingdom
|
8,230 | Sunk by U-100[3] |
| City Of Lancaster (1924) | United Kingdom
|
3,041 | |
| HMS Coreopsis (K32) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19-22 Oct Corvette | |
| Egda (1939) | Norway
|
10,050 | |
| Empire Swan (1922) | United Kingdom
|
7,964 | |
| Empire Trader (1908) | United Kingdom
|
9,990 | Joined Ex BHX 79 |
| Enseigne Maurice Prehac (1924) | United Kingdom
|
4,578 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Erna Iii (1930) | United Kingdom
|
1,590 | Returned |
| Flowergate (1911) | United Kingdom
|
5,161 | |
| HMCS French (S01) |  Royal Canadian Navy
|
Escort 8-9 Oct | |
| Gunda (1930) | Sweden
|
1,770 | |
| Harbury (1933) | United Kingdom
|
5,081 | |
| Harlesden (1932) | United Kingdom
|
5,483 | |
| HMS Heliotrope (K03) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19-23 Oct | |
| HMS Hibiscus (K24) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19-23 Oct | |
| Hoyanger (1926) | Norway
|
4,624 | Joined Ex BHX 79 |
| HMCS Husky (S06) | Royal Canadian Navy
|
Escort 9-10 Oct | |
| Induna (1925) | United Kingdom
|
5,086 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Janus (1939) | Sweden
|
9,965 | Sunk by U-46 |
| HMS Jason (J99) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 9 Oct | |
| Kiruna (1921) | Sweden
|
5,484 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| La Estancia (1940) | United Kingdom
|
5,185 | Joined Ex BHX 79, Sunk by U-47 |
| HMS Lady Elsa (FY124) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19 Oct ASW trawler | |
| Loch Lomond (1934) | United Kingdom
|
5,452 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia. Sunk by U-100 |
| Marathon (1919) |  Greece
|
7,926 | |
| Matheran (1919) | United Kingdom
|
7,653 | Sunk by U-38 |
| HMS Montclare (F85) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 9-18 Oct Armed merchant cruiser | |
| HNLMS O 14 |  Royal Netherlands Navy
|
Escort 9-18 Oct Submarine | |
| Ravnefjell (1938) | Norway
|
1,339 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| HMCS Reindeer (S08) | Royal Canadian Navy
|
Escort 9-10 Oct | |
| Rio Blanco (1922) | United Kingdom
|
4,086 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Ruperra (1925) | United Kingdom
|
4,548 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia. Sunk by U-46 |
| Rydboholm (1933) | Sweden
|
3,197 | |
| HMCS Saguenay (D79) | Royal Canadian Navy
|
Escort 8-9 Oct | |
| Salacia (1937) | United Kingdom
|
5,495 | |
| San Roberto (1922) | United Kingdom
|
5,890 | |
| Sandanger (1938) | Norway
|
9,432 | |
| HMS Sardonyx (H26) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 20 Oct | |
| Shirak (1926) | United Kingdom
|
6,023 | Joined Ex BHX 79. Sunk by U-47 & U-48 |
| Sir Ernest Cassel (1910) | Sweden
|
7,739 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Sitala (1937) | United Kingdom
|
6,218 | Joined Ex BHX 79. Sunk by U-100 |
| HMS Sturdy (H28) | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19 Oct | |
| Thyra (1920) | Norway
|
1,655 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Tiba (1938) | Netherlands
|
5,239 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| Tribesman (1937) | United Kingdom
|
6,242 | Joined Ex BHX 79 |
| Triton (1930) | Norway
|
6,607 | Joined Ex BHX 79 |
| Uganda (1927) | United Kingdom
|
4,966 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia. sunk by U-38 |
| Wandby (1940) | United Kingdom
|
4,947 | Joined Ex BHX 79. Sunk by U-47. Wreck sank 21 Oct |
| Wellington Court (1930) | United Kingdom
|
4,979 | Sailed Sydney, Nova Scotia |
| HMS Whitehall | Royal Navy
|
Escort 19-21 Oct | |
| Whitford Point (1928) | United Kingdom
|
5,026 | Sunk by U-47 |
Conclusion
Despite the strength of the escort, it was ineffective; the ships were un-co-ordinated, being unused to working together, and having no common battle plan or tactics. The escorts had arrived singly, being dispatched as and when available, this being the common practice at the time. Command of the escort force fell to the senior officer present, and could change as each new ship arrived. Any tactical arrangements had to be made on the spot, and communicated by signal lamp to each ship in turn. Finally, the presence of an Allied submarine was less than helpful; O 14 had no targets, and was twice attacked by mistake by other escorts.
The failure of such a substantial escort led to a number of changes in escort policy. The first to take effect was the formation of escort groups, collections of escort ships that would operate together, under defined leadership. This would allow the development of consistent tactics, and teamwork, and an increasing effectiveness.
References
- ^ "Convoy HX.79". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
- ^ "Bilderdijk - Dutch team merchant". www.uboat,net. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ^ "Caprella - British motor tanker". www.ubaot.net. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Bibliography
- Paul Lund, Harry Ludlam : The Night of the U-Boats (1973). ISBN 0-572-00828-7
- Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939-1945 Vol I (1954). ISBN (none)
- Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 (2000). ISBN (Canada) 1 55125 033 0 . ISBN (UK) 1 86176 147 3
- van der Vat, Dan (1988). The Atlantic Campaign. ISBN 0-340-37751-8.
- Edwards, Bernard (1996). Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War. p. 47. ISBN 0-304-35203-9.