Corrosive substance

European Union standard symbol for corrosives. GHS and other symbols are similar.

A corrosive substance is one that will destroy or irreversibly damage another surface or substance with which it comes into contact. The main hazards to people include damage to the eyes, the skin, and the tissue under the skin; inhalation or ingestion of a corrosive substance can damage the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. The burn might often lead to vomiting and severe stomach-aches. Exposure results in chemical burn.

Terms

The word 'corrosion' is derived from the Latin verb corrodere which means 'to gnaw' indicating how these substances seem to 'gnaw' their way through the flesh. Sometimes the word 'caustic' is used as a synonym but, by convention, 'caustic' generally refers only to strong bases, particularly alkalis, and not to acids, oxidizers, or other non-alkaline corrosives. The term 'acid' is often used imprecisely for all corrosives.

A low concentration of a corrosive substance is usually an irritant. Corrosion of non-living surfaces such as metals is a distinct process. For example, a water/air electrochemical cell corrodes iron to rust. In the Globally Harmonized System, both rapid corrosion of metals and chemical corrosion of skin qualify for the "corrosive" symbol.

Corrosives are different from poisons in that corrosives are immediately dangerous to the tissues they contact, whereas poisons may have systemic toxic effects that require time to become evident. Colloquially, corrosives may be called "poisons" but the concepts are technically distinct. However, there is nothing which precludes a corrosive from being a poison; there are substances that are both corrosives and poisons.

Corrosiveness

Common corrosives are either strong acids or strong bases, or concentrated solutions of certain weak acids and weak bases. Their action on living tissue is based on acid-base catalysis of ester and amide hydrolysis. Both corrosive acids and corrosive bases are able to destroy skin by catalyzing the hydrolysis of fats, which are chemically esters. Proteins are chemically amides, which can also be hydrolyzed by acid-base catalysis. Strong acids and bases denature proteins and also dehydrate them easily. Dehydration removes water from the tissue and can be significantly exothermic. For example, concentrated sulfuric acid causes thermal burns in tissue in addition to chemical burns due to the heat generated by a dehydration reaction. Strong oxidizing agents, such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide, can also be corrosive to tissues and other materials, even when the pH is close to neutral. Nitric acid is an example of a strong acid that is also a strong oxidizer, making it significantly more corrosive than one would expect from its pKa alone.

There are also more specific corrosives. Hydrofluoric acid, for example, is initially painless in lower concentrations and is technically a weak acid, but it produces fluoride ions (the actual corrosive species) after the acid is painlessly absorbed. Although zinc chloride solutions are acidic by the Brønsted definition, the zinc cation also specifically attacks hydroxyl groups as a Lewis acid. This explains the ability of zinc chloride solutions to react with cellulose and corrode through paper and silk.

Common types of corrosive substances

DOT Corrosive Label

Common corrosive chemicals are classified into:

• Acids

• Strong acids — the most common are sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (H₂SO₄, HNO₃ and HCl, respectively).
• Some concentrated weak acids, for example formic acid and acetic acid
• Strong Lewis acids such as anhydrous aluminum chloride and boron trifluoride
• Lewis acids with specific reactivity, e.g. solutions of zinc chloride

• Bases

• Caustics or alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
• Alkali metals in the metallic form (e.g. elemental sodium), and hydrides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium hydride, function as strong bases and hydrate to give caustics
• Extremely strong bases (superbases) such as alkoxides, metal amides (e.g. sodium amide) and organometallic bases such as butyllithium
• Some concentrated weak bases, such as ammonia when anhydrous or in a concentrated solution

• Dehydrating agents such as phosphorus pentoxide, calcium oxide, anhydrous zinc chloride, also elemental alkali metals
• Strong oxidizers such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide
• Electrophilic halogens: elemental fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and electrophilic salts such as sodium hypochlorite or N-chloro compounds such as chloramine-T; halide ions are not corrosive
• Organic halides and organic acid halides such as acetyl chloride and benzyl chloroformate
• Acid anhydrides
• Alkylating agents such as dimethyl sulfate
• Some organic materials such as phenol ("carbolic acid")

Personal Protective Equipment

Use of personal protective equipment, including items such as protective gloves, protective aprons, acid suits, safety goggles, a face shield, or safety shoes, is normally recommended when handling corrosive substances. Users should consult a material safety data sheet for the specific recommendation for the corrosive substance of interest. The material of construction of the personal protective equipment is of critical importance as well. For example, although rubber gloves and rubber aprons may be made out of a chemically resistant elastomer such as nitrile rubber, neoprene, or butyl rubber, each of these materials has different resistance to different corrosives and they should not be substituted for each other.