Cremona Cathedral
The Duomo di Cremona (English: Cremona Cathedral) is the seat of the Bishop of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy, and is the main Catholic church of that town. It is dedicated to Santa Maria Assunta, (Our Lady of the Assumption). Its bell tower is the famous Torrazzo, symbol of the city and tallest pre-modern tower in Italy.
Also annexed is the Baptistery, another important medieval monument.
History
Originally built in Romanesque style, the church was restored and extended with Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque elements. The church was begun in 1107, but the works were damaged and halted after an earthquake in 1117. Construction were resumed in 1129, and the edifice was probably finished in 1160-1170. The main altar, dedicated to the city's patron saints St. Archelaus and St. Irnerius, was consecrated in 1196.
The current façade was probably built in the 13th and the early 14th century. In the same period the arms of the transept were also added: the northern in 1288 and the southern in 1348.
Exterior
The main façade, together with the annexed Baptistery, is one of the most important monuments of Romanesque art in Europe. It has a portico with a narthex in the middle, to which a Renaissance loggia with three niches was added in 1491. This is surmounted by a large rose window, flanked by two orders of loggette ("small loggias").
The portal is probably from the early 12th century. One its side are the figures of the Four Prophets, each sporting a roll with the text of their prophecies. The narthex was made by masters from Campione in the following century: it incorporates an older frieze portraying the Labours of the Months (late 12th century, inspired by that in the Baptistery of Parma); the four statues on the upper loggia, portraying the Madonna with Child and two bishops, are from the Tuscan school (1310). The columns of the narthex stand on two lions in Verona marble. The left one is holding a dragon, symbol of Evil, in his paws, while the right one is holding a bear, which in turn is biting a bird's neck.
On the façade are also two tombs: the more recent one (mid-14th century) is by Bonino da Campione.
The façade of the northern transept's arm (late 13th century) has also a narthex. Its columns have also two lions at the base. It is characterized by a sequence of mullioned windows and rose windows. The façade of the southern arms dates from 1342, and is in brickwork, as typical in the Lombard Gothic architecture. It has a structure similar to the northern one, but with slightly more detailed decoration.
The three apses are all surmounted by loggias with small columns, each having an human face stretching out from the capital. The central apse is much higher than the flanking ones.
Interior
The interior house important works of art.
The oldest are the frescoed Stories of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph in the southern and northern transept vaults (late 14th-early 15th century). Also from the Renaissance are the arch of the Stories of the Martyrs Marius and Marta, Audifax and Habakkuk, martyrs in Persia (best known as Arch of the Persian Martyrs, 1482), and the relief of "St. Himerius" (1481-1484), both works by Giovan Antonio Amadeo. Also notable is the urn of Sts. Marcellinus and Peter, sculpted mostly by Benedetto Briosco (1506-1513), in the crypt.
Relevant is the wooden Choir, with inlay work by Platina (1482-1490), and the contemporary large altar Cross in silver and gold, by Ambrogio Pozzi and Agostino Sacchi (1478), in the right aisle of the northern transept arm.
The most important figurative complex of the cathedral is the fresco decoration on the side walls of the nave (early 16th century), portraying the Life of Mary and Christ. Different painters collaborated to its execution: the first was Boccaccio Boccaccino (with Annunciation to Joachim and Jesus with the Doctors), who, in 1506, had already painted a Redemeer with Cremona's Patron Saints in the apse vault. He was succeeded by Giovan Francesco Bembo (Epiphany and Presentation at the Temple) and Altobello Melone (Flight to Egypt, Massacre of the Innocents and the first four panels of the Passion of Christ), who both adopted a less classicist style. Next came Girolamo Romanino, author of the scenes from Jesus before Pilatus to Ecce Homo, who here painted some of his masterworks.
The last scenes of the Passion were executed by Il Pordenone, who was also responsible of the large Crucifixion (1521), the Deposition (1521, counterfaçade) and the Schizzi Altarpiece (before 1523, on the first altar in the right aisles), the latter inspired by Giorgione's style. The complex was completed by Bernardino Gatti with the Resurrection (1529).
Other frescoes were added in the mid-16th century by Mannerist painters, including Gatti himself, Bernardino Campi and others. In the 17th century Il Genovesino added the Life of St. Roch in the northern transept.