Risen Christ (Michelangelo, Santa Maria sopra Minerva)
The Cristo della Minerva, also known as Christ the Redeemer or Christ Carrying the Cross, is a marble sculpture by the Italian High Renaissance master Michelangelo Buonarroti, finished in 1521. The work is in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, in Rome, to the left of the main altar.
The work was commissioned in June 1514, by the Roman patrician Metello Vari, who stipulated only that the nude standing figure would have the Cross in his arms, but left the composition entirely to Michelangelo.[1] Michelangelo was working on a first version of this statue in his shop in Macello dei Corvi around 1515, but abandoned it in roughed-out condition when he discovered a black vein in the white marble, remarked upon by Vari in a letter, and later by Ulisse Aldrovandi.[2] A new version was hurriedly substituted in 1519-1520 to fulfil the terms of the contract. Michelangelo worked on it in Florence, and the move to Rome and final touches were entrusted to an apprentice, Pietro Urbano: the latter, however, damaged the work and had to be quickly replaced by Federico Frizzi after a suggestion from Sebastiano del Piombo.[3]
The first version, rough as it was, was asked for by Metello Vari, and given him in January 1522, for the little garden courtyard of his palazzetto near Santa Maria sopra Minerva, come suo grandissimo onore, come fosse d'oro.[4] There it remained, described by Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1556,[5] and noted in some contemporary letters as apparently for sale in 1607, following which it was utterly lost to sight. In 2000 Irene Baldriga recognized the lost first version, extensively reworked in the seventeenth century, in the sacristy of the church of San Vincenzo Martire, at Basso Romano near Viterbo; the black vein is clearly distinguishable on Christ's left cheek.[6]
Despite all these problems, the second version impressed the contemporaries. Sebastiano del Piombo declared that the knees alone were worthy of more than the whole Rome, "in one of the most curious praises ever sung about a work of art," William Wallace remarked.[7] Christ is shown by Michelangelo unclothed in a standing pose. During the Baroque period a girdle was added. A leg is flexed and the head turned back, according to the principle of contrapposto. He is clasping the cross and the instruments of his martyrdom as if they were his most precious things, expressing in this his voluntary decision to be executed.[citation needed]
Another spurious element is the footwear added to the right foot, in order to protect it from wear, as it was frequently kissed by the devout.[citation needed]
References
- ^ "in quell' attitudine che parrà al detto Michelagnolo", quoted by Irene Baldriga, "The First Version of Michelangelo's Christ for S. Maria Sopra Minerva" The Burlington Magazine 142 No. 1173 (December 2000:740-745) p. 740.
- ^ Baldriga 2000:740-745.
- ^ Web Gallery of Art
- ^ "As his greatest honor, as if it were of gold", a mark of the esteem in which Michengelo was held.
- ^ in una corticella ovvero un orticello, "in a little courtyard, or little garden": Aldrovandi, Delle Statue antiche, che per tutta Roma, in diversi luoghi, & case si veggono (Venice 1556)
- ^ Baldriga 2000:740-45.
- ^ "Perché val più e' zenocchii de quella figura che non val tutta Roma": William E. Wallace, "Michelangelo's Risen Christ" Sixteenth Century Journal 28.4 (Winter 1997:1251-1280), quoting Sebastiano p. 1251.