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Curetis thetis

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Indian sunbeam
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Lycaenidae
Genus:
Curetis
Species:
C. thetis
Binomial name
Curetis thetis
Synonyms

Lycaena thetis

The Indian sunbeam, Curetis thetis[1][2] is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in Asia.

Distribution

The butterfly occurs in Peninsular India, south of the Himalayas, but not in the desert tracts or in areas with a scanty rainfall; parts of Assam; Saurashtra; Bengal, Sylhet onto Myanmar. It is also found in the Nicobar islands.[2][3]

It is also found in Sri Lanka, Java, Philippines, North Sulawesi and Selajar.[2]

Status

Not Rare.[4]

Description

For terms used, see glossary of Lepidopteran terms.

Male

Indian sunbeam Underside photographed in Bangalore,India
Indian sun beam male at silent valley NP

Upperside dark cupreous red, glossy and shining. Fore wing: base irrorated with dusky scales; costa edged with a narrow, inwardly jagged, jet-black band that broadens to the apex, thence continued along the termen, decreasing in width to the tornus; opposite the apex the inner edge of the black is acutely angulate. Hind wing: base and dorsum broadly but slightly irrorated with dusky scales; costa narrowly, dorsal margin more broadly pale; termen very narrowly and evenly margined with black.

Underside: shining silvery white. Fore and hind wings crossed transversely by discal and inner subterminal, somewhat lunular dark lines and a more or less obsolescent outer sub-terminal line of minute dark dots. These markings generally very indistinct but traceable; in some specimens more clearly defined but never prominent. Antennae, bead, thorax and abdomen dusky black; the antennae reddish at apex; in some specimens the head, the thorax laterally and the base of the abdomen brownish mouse-colour; beneath : the palpi, thorax and the basal half of the abdomen medially silvery white, the sides and apex of the abdomen dusky black.

Female

Female in Hyderabad, India.

Upperside: fore wing dark brownish-black; a large medial patch that extends from vein 1 to vein 4, enters the lower half of the cell and extends from base outwards for about two-thirds the length of the wing, white ; at the base of the wing this patch is shaded and obscured for a short distance by dusky black. Hind wing: pale dusky black; a darker, short, broad brownish-black streak from base along the subcostal vein, that outwardly broadens into an irregularly round patch beyond which is a broad short upper discal white band with ill-defined and somewhat diffuse margins. Cilia, fore and hind wings: white. Underside: as in the male but the markings still more indistinct, and in almost no specimen is there any trace of the outer subtermmal line of dark dots.[3]

Variety arcuata

Variety arcuata Moore, differs from typical thetis as follows:

Male

Upperside: ground-colour similar but of a slightly paler shade in all the specimens I have seen. Fore wing: costal and terminal margins edged more broadly with black than in thetis, the inner margin of this colour forms a regular strongly curved arch from base of wing to tornus, not angulate at all opposite apex of wing, the edging of the costal margin not jagged on the inner side. Hind wing: the costal margin not pale but somewhat broadly dusky black; the terminal black edging broader than in thetis, not linear, produced for a very short distance up each vein. The irroration of dusky scales at the bases of both fore and hind wings and along the dorsal area of the hind wing heavier and more broadly diffused, especially on the latter. Underside: as in the typical form. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen similar.

Female

Female in Hyderabad, India.

Upperside: ground-colour darker brownish-black, deep opaque black on the costa, apex and termen of the fore wing; the medial oval white patch on the fore wing smaller, the upper discal white band on the hind wing narrower, the short, broad black streak from base terminates in a large round spot or patch inwardly merged in the ground-colour which fills the whole area of the cell.[3]

There have been reports of gynandromorphic forms.[5]

Life history

Foodplants

The larva has been recorded as feeding on Pongamia glabra, Derris scandens, Abrus precatorius (Leguminosae), Xylia dolabriformis and Heynia trijuga (Meliaceae).[4][6]

Curetis thetis larva (7), pupa (7a)

Larva

On emergence eats a hole through the top of the egg about equalling one-third of its surface and crawls out. The empty shell has a close superficial resemblance to an echinus shell. In colour pale ochreous, furnished with long stout white hairs of which a subdorsal series is on each side, with one long hair springing from the apex of each tubercle; there are, besides, other lateral series and numerous hairs projecting forwards in front of the head and backwards over the anal segment. The full-grown larva is the most beautiful known to me among the Lycaenidae.....of the exact shade of green of the leaves on which it feeds..... The second segment is quite unmarked; the third to the thirteenth have a subdorsal series of short oblique pale yellowish-green lines between which the ground-colour is paler than the rest of the body; there is a dark green dorsal line; on each side of the ninth segment there is a prominent pure dead-white, somewhat diamond-shaped mark. de Nicéville

Mr. de Niceville goes on to say that the sheaths of the tentacles on the twelfth segment are pale green, the tentacles themselves maroon, the whorl of hairs at their apices white with their basal thirds black.[3]

The larvae have tentacular organs as seen on myrmecophilous lycaenids, but they have not been observed to be tended by ants.[7][8][9]

Pupa

Light green; wing-cases bluish green. "There is a conspicuous heart-shaped pale ochreous mark on the top of the thorax, the pits on it filled in with reddish pigment." (de Nicéville.)[3] The pupae are capable of producing sounds and the function of these are not fully understood.[10]

[2] [3] [4]

Cited references

  1. ^ Card for Curetis thetis in LepIndex. Accessed 31 December 2006.
  2. ^ a b c Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera Page on Curetis genus.
  3. ^ a b c d e Bingham, C. T. 1907. Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2
  4. ^ a b Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, pg 498.
  5. ^ Chaturvedi, N. 1992 "Gynandromorph of Indian Sunbeam", Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae)". Lepidoptera News
  6. ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni AND Luis M. Hernández. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants [1] Accessed November 2006
  7. ^ DeVries, P. J. 1984. "Of crazy-ants and Curetinae: are Curetis butterflies tended by ants?" Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 79: 59-66.
  8. ^ Fiedler, Konrad, Peter Seufert, Naomi E. Pierce, John G. Pearson and Hans-Thomas Baumgarten. 1992. 2Exploitation of lycaenid-ant mutualisms by braconid parasitoids". Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 31(3-4):153-168
  9. ^ Pierce, Naomi E. , Michael F. Braby, Alan Heath, David J. Lohman, John Mathew, Douglas B. Rand, and Mark A. Travassos 2002. "THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF ANT ASSOCIATION IN THE LYCAENIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)" Annual Review of Entomology 47: 733-771
  10. ^ Downey, John C. 1966. "SOUND PRODUCTION IN PUPAE OF LYCAENIDAE". Journal of The Lepidopterists' Society 20(3)

See also

List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

References

  • Bingham, C. T. (1907) Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 2
  • Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Robinson, G. S. & Pitkin, B. (Editors). 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/lepindex [accessed 5 December 2006]
  • Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera
  • Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
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