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D. B. Cooper

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D. B. Cooper
A 1972 FBI composite drawing of D. B. Cooper
Other namesDan Cooper
Occupationunknown
Known forHijacking a Boeing 727 on November 24, 1971, and parachuting out of the plane

D. B. Cooper (aka Dan Cooper) is an alias of an aircraft hijacker who, on November 24 1971, after receiving a ransom payout of US$200,000,[1] jumped from the back of a Boeing 727 as it was flying over the Pacific Northwest of the United States possibly over Woodland, Washington.[2] Despite hundreds of suspects through the years, no conclusive evidence has surfaced regarding Cooper's identity or whereabouts. The FBI believes he did not survive the jump.[3] Several theories offer competing explanations of what happened after his famed jump.

The nature of Cooper's escape and the uncertainty of his fate continue to intrigue people. The Cooper case (code-named "Norjak" by the FBI)[4] remains an unsolved mystery.

The Cooper case has baffled both government and private investigators for decades, with countless leads turning into dead ends. As recently as March 2008, the FBI thought it might have had one of the biggest breakthroughs in the case when children unearthed a parachute within the bounds of Cooper's probable jump site near the town of Amboy, Washington.[5] Experts later revealed that it did not belong to the hijacker.

Still, despite the case's infamy for its enduring lack of evidence, a few significant clues have arisen. In late 1978, a placard, which contained instructions on how to lower the aft stairs of a 727, believed to be from the rear stairway of the plane from which Cooper jumped, was found just a few flying minutes north of Cooper's projected drop zone. In February 1980, eight-year-old Brian Ingram found $5,880 in decaying $20 bills on the banks of the Columbia River.[6]

In October 2007, the FBI announced that it had obtained a partial DNA profile of Cooper from the tie he left on the hijacked plane.[7] On December 31, 2007, the FBI revived the unclosed case by publishing never before seen composite sketches and fact sheets online in an attempt to trigger memories that could possibly identify Cooper. In a press release, the FBI reiterated that it does not believe Cooper survived the jump, but expressed an interest in obtaining his identity.[7][8]

Hijacking

"You are being hijacked"

FBI wanted poster of D. B. Cooper

On Wednesday, November 24, 1971, the day before Thanksgiving in the United States, a man traveling under the name Dan Cooper boarded a Boeing 727-100, Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 (FAA Reg. N467US), flying from Portland International Airport (PDX) in Portland, Oregon to Seattle, Washington.[9] Cooper was described as being in his mid-forties, and between 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and 6 feet (1.83 m) tall. He wore a black raincoat, loafers, a dark suit, a neatly pressed white collared shirt, a black necktie, black sunglasses and a mother-of-pearl tie pin.[10] Cooper sat in the back of the plane in seat 18C. After the jet had taken off from Portland, he handed a note to a young flight attendant named Florence Schaffner,[11] who was seated in a jumpseat attached to the aft stair door, situated directly behind and to the left of Cooper's seat. She thought he was giving her his phone number, so she slipped it, unopened, into her pocket.[12] Cooper leaned closer and said, "Miss, you'd better look at that note. I have a bomb."[13] In the envelope was a note that read: "I have a bomb in my briefcase. I will use it if necessary. I want you to sit next to me. You are being hijacked."[14]

The note also provided demands for $200,000, in unmarked $20 bills, and two sets of parachutes—two main back chutes and two emergency chest chutes.[15] The note carried instructions ordering the items to be delivered to the plane when it landed at Seattle-Tacoma airport; if the demands were not met, he would blow up the plane.[16] When the flight attendant informed the cockpit about Cooper and the note, the pilot, William Scott, contacted Seattle-Tacoma air traffic control, who contacted Seattle police and the FBI. The FBI contacted Northwest Orient Airlines president Donald Nyrop, who instructed Scott to cooperate with the hijacker.[15] Scott instructed Schaffner to go back and sit next to Cooper, and ascertain if the bomb was in fact real. Sensing this, Cooper opened his briefcase momentarily, long enough for Schaffner to see red cylinders, a large battery, and wires, convincing her the bomb was real.[17] He instructed her to tell the pilot not to land until the money and parachutes Cooper had requested were ready at Seattle-Tacoma. She went back to the cockpit to relay Cooper's instructions.[15]

Releasing passengers in exchange for demands

According to Cooper's demands, the jet was put into a holding pattern over Puget Sound, while Cooper's demands for $200,000 and four parachutes were met. In assembling the cash demands, FBI agents followed Cooper's instruction for unmarked bills, but they decided to give bills printed in 1969, that began with serial numbers beginning with the letter L, issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.[18] The agents also photographed all 10,000 $20 bills to keep a microfilm record of all the bill serial numbers.[16] Authorities initially[citation needed] intended to obtain military-issue parachutes from McChord Air Force Base, but Cooper said he wanted civilian parachutes, which had manually operated[citation needed] ripcords. Seattle police were able to find Cooper's preferred parachutes at a local skydiving school.[18] Meanwhile, Cooper sat in the airplane, drinking bourbon whiskey and soda. Tina Mucklow, a flight attendant who spent the most time with the hijacker, remarked Cooper "seemed rather nice", and thoughtful enough to request the crew be brought meals after the jet landed in Seattle.[18] However, FBI investigators for the Cooper case claim the hijacker was "obscene", and used "filthy language".[18] At 17:24, airport traffic control radioed Scott and told him that Cooper's demands had been met. Cooper then gave Captain Scott permission to land at the flight's intended destination, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) near Seattle, Washington. The plane landed at the airport at 17:39.[19] Cooper then instructed Scott to taxi the plane to a remote section of the tarmac and also dim the lights in the cabin to deter police snipers. He instructed air traffic control to send one person to deliver the $200,000 and four parachutes, unaccompanied.[19] The person chosen, a Northwest Orient Airlines employee, drove to the plane and delivered the cash and parachutes to flight attendant Mucklow, via the aft stairs. A few minutes after his demands were met, Cooper released all 36 passengers and attendant Schaffner via the aft stairs. Pilot Scott, flight attendant Mucklow, First Officer Bob Rataczak and flight engineer H. E. Anderson were not permitted to leave the aircraft.[19]

The FBI was puzzled regarding Cooper's plans, and his request of four parachutes. The agents wondered if Cooper had an accomplice on board, or if the parachutes were intended for the four people on the plane (the pilot, the co-pilot, a flight attendant and himself).[18] Up to this point in history, nobody had ever attempted to jump with a parachute from a hijacked commercial aircraft. While the plane was being refueled, an FAA official, who wanted to explain to the hijacker the legal consequences of air piracy, walked to the door of the plane and asked Cooper's permission to come aboard the plane. Cooper promptly denied the official's request.[20] A vapor lock in the fuel tanker truck's engines slowed down the refueling process. Cooper became suspicious when the refueling had still not been completed after 15 minutes. He made threats to blow up the plane, upon which the fuel crew promptly tried to speed up the job until completion.[19]

Back in the skies

After refueling, careful examination of the ransom and parachutes, and negotiations regarding the flight pattern and the position of the aft stairs upon take-off, Cooper ordered the flight crew to take the hijacked jet back into the air at around 19:40. The crew was ordered to fly to Mexico City, at relatively low speed of 170 knots (196 mph), an altitude at or under 10,000 feet (normal cruising altitude is between 25,000 and 37,000 feet), with the landing gear down and 15 degrees of flap.[21] However, First Officer Rataczak told him that the jet could only fly 1,000 miles (1,609 km) under the altitude and airspeed conditions Cooper ordered. Cooper and the crew discussed other possible locations, before deciding on flying to Reno, Nevada, where they would again refuel.[19] They also agreed to fly on Victor 23 as depicted on the Jeppesen air navigational charts, a low-altitude Federal airway that passed west of the Cascade Range. Cooper then ordered Scott to leave the cabin unpressurized. An unpressurized cabin at 10,000 feet (3,000 m) would curtail the risk of a sudden rush of air exiting the plane (and ease the opening of the pressure door) if he were to attempt to exit the aircraft for a subsequent parachute landing.[19]

Immediately upon takeoff, Cooper asked Mucklow, who had previously been sitting with him, to go back to the cockpit and stay there.[22] Before she went behind the curtain that separates the coach and first-class seats, she watched him tie something to his waist with what she thought was rope. Moments later in the cockpit, the crew noticed a light flash indicating that Cooper attempted to operate the door. Over the intercom, Scott asked Cooper if there was anything they could do for him, but the hijacker replied curtly, "No!"[22] The crew started to notice a change of air pressure in the cabin (an "ear popping experience"). Cooper had lowered the aft stairs and jumped out of the plane never to be seen again.[23] That was the last time D. B. Cooper was known to be alive. The FBI believed his descent was at 20:13 over the southwestern portion of the state of Washington, because the aft stairway "bumped" at this time, most likely due to the weight of Cooper being released from the aft stairs. At the time Cooper jumped, the plane was flying through a heavy rainstorm, with no light source coming from the ground due to cloud coverage.[7] Because of the poor visibility, his descent went unnoticed by the United States Air Force F-106 jet fighters tracking the airliner.[24] He initially was believed to have landed southeast of the unincorporated area of Ariel, Washington, near Lake Merwin, 30 miles (48 km) north of Portland, Oregon.[25] Later information, including details given from Captain Scott to the FBI in 1980 that led to a more accurate assessment of the flight route, [26] put the jump location about 20 miles (32 km) farther east. To date, his precise landing zone remains unknown.

Nearly 2 1/2 hours after take-off from Seattle-Tacoma, at approximately 22:15,[22] with the aft stairs dragging on the runway, the Boeing 727 landed safely in Reno. The airport and runway were surrounded by FBI agents and local police. After communicating with Captain Scott, it was determined Cooper was gone, and FBI agents boarded the plane to search for any evidence left behind. They recovered a number of fingerprints (which may or may not have belonged to Cooper), a tie and mother-of-pearl tie clip, and two of the four parachutes.[27] Cooper was nowhere to be found, nor was his briefcase, the money, the moneybag, or the two missing parachutes. The individuals with whom Cooper had interacted on board the plane and while he was on the ground were interrogated to compile a composite sketch; those interviewed all gave nearly identical descriptions of him, leading the FBI to create the sketch that has been used on wanted posters ever since. As of 2008, the FBI maintains that the sketch is an accurate likeness of Cooper because so many individuals, interviewed simultaneously in separate locations, gave nearly identical descriptions.[7]

Vanished without a trace

Illustration of how the 727's rear airstair was used by Cooper to effect his escape. The airstair had not been designed for deployment in flight and was gravity-operated, meaning it fell open and stayed that way until the aircraft landed.

Despite an 18-day search of the projected landing zone in 1971, no trace of Cooper or his parachute was found. An exact landing point was difficult to determine, as the plane was being battered by 200 mile per hour (322 km/h) winds at the time of Cooper's jump. This led the FBI to determine that Cooper could not have known exactly where he would land, and therefore must not have had an accomplice waiting to assist him upon landing.[7] A ground search, using the assistance of 400 troops from nearby Fort Lewis, was conducted in April 1972. After six weeks of searching the projected dropzone on foot, no evidence was found related to the hijacking. As a result, it remains a widely disputed subject whether he survived the jump and then subsequently escaped on foot. Shortly after the hijacking, the FBI questioned and then released a Portland man by the name of D. B. Cooper, who was never considered a significant suspect. Due to a miscommunication with the media, however, the initials "D. B." became firmly associated with the hijacker and this is how he is now known.[23]

Meanwhile, the FBI also stepped up efforts to track the 10,000 ransomed $20 bills by notifying banks, savings and loans companies, and other businesses of the notes’ serial numbers. Law enforcement agencies around the globe, including Scotland Yard, also received information on Cooper and the serial numbers. In the months following the hijacking, Northwest Airlines offered a reward of 15 percent of the recovered money up to a maximum of $25,000, but the airline eventually canceled the offer as no new substantial evidence seemed to arise.[28] In November 1973, The Oregon Journal, based in Portland, began publishing the first public listings of the serial numbers with permission from the FBI and offered $1,000 to the first person who could claim to have found a single one of the $20 bills.[28] Despite reported interest from around the country and several alleged near-matches, the newspaper never received a claim of an exact serial number match. In the decade before the Cooper hijacking, local law enforcement and the FBI had solved at least two major crimes—a bank robbery and an extortion—in the Pacific Northwest by tracing money serial numbers. But both cases, which took only weeks for authorities to solve, involved instances of a perpetrator spending the traceable money only days after the crime and in the same general region of the crime,[29] circumstances that in all likelihood did not apply in the Cooper case.

In late 1978, a placard, which contained instructions on how to lower the aft stairs of a 727, from the rear stairway of the plane from which Cooper jumped, was found by a hunter just a few flying minutes north of Cooper's projected drop zone.[30] On February 10, 1980, Brian Ingram, then eight years old, was with his family on a picnic when he found $5,880 in decaying bills (a total of 294 $20 bills), still bundled in rubber bands, approximately 40 feet (12 m) from the waterline and just 2 inches (5.1 cm) below the surface, on the banks of the Columbia River 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Vancouver, Washington.[31]

After comparing the serial numbers with those from the ransom given to Cooper almost nine years earlier, it was proven the money found by Ingram was part of the ransom given to Cooper.[30] Upon the discovery, then-FBI lead investigator Ralph Himmelsbach declared that the money "must have been deposited within a couple of years after the hijacking" because "rubber bands deteriorate rapidly and could not have held the bundles together for very long".[32] However, some scientists noted their belief that the money arrived at the beach as a result of a 1974 Army Corps of Engineers dredging operation.

Furthermore, some scientists estimated that the money’s arrival must have occurred even later. Geologist Leonard Palmer of Portland State University, for example, reportedly concluded that the 1974 dredging operation did not place the money on the Columbia's riverbank because Ingram had found the bills above clay deposits put on shore by the dredge.[33] The FBI generally agree now that the money had to have arrived at the location on the riverbank no earlier than 1974. Some investigators and hydrologists have theorized that the bundled bills washed freely into the Columbia River from one of its many connecting tributaries, such as the Washougal River, which originate or run near Cooper's suspected landing zone. Ingram's discovery of the $5,880 reinforced the FBI's belief that Cooper probably did not survive the jump, in large part because of the unlikelihood that such a criminal would be willing to leave behind any of the loot for which he had risked his life. Ingram was eventually allowed to keep $2,860 of this money. In 2007, he announced that he planned to auction off the few bills that he still maintains in a bank vault.[31] As of 2008, the remaining amount of money has not been found.

Aftermath

Effect on the airline industry

The hijacking caused major changes in commercial flight safety, mainly in the form of metal detectors added to the airports by the airline companies, several related flight safety rules set in place by the FAA, and modifications made to the Boeing 727 aircraft. Following three similar, but less successful, hijackings in 1972, the Federal Aviation Administration required that all Boeing 727 aircraft be fitted with a device known as the "Cooper vane", (named after Cooper) a mechanical aerodynamic wedge that prevents the airstair or rear stairway of an aircraft from being lowered in flight.[17]

Suspects

FBI sketch of Cooper, with age progression

At various points, several people have been suggested as possible candidates for Cooper, although the case remains unsolved. Over the years, the suspect list has exceeded 1,000 people.[34]

The FBI believed that Cooper was familiar with the Seattle area, as he was able to recognize Tacoma from the air while the jet was circling over the Puget Sound. He also remarked to flight attendant Mucklow that McChord Air Force Base was approximately 20 minutes from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Although the FBI initially believed that Cooper might have been an active or retired member of the United States Air Force, based on his apparent knowledge of jet aerodynamics and skydiving,[18] it later changed this assessment, deciding that no experienced parachutist would have attempted such a risky jump.[7]

John List

In 1971, mass-murderer John List was considered a suspect in the Cooper hijacking, which occurred just after he had killed his family in Westfield, New Jersey. List's age, facial features, and build were similar to those described for the mysterious skyjacker.[35] FBI agent Ralph Himmelsbach stated that List was a "viable suspect" in the case.[30] Cooper parachuted from the hijacked airliner with $200,000, the same amount List had used up from his mother's bank account in the days before the killing.[36] After his capture and imprisonment in 1989, List strenuously denied being Cooper, and the FBI no longer considered him a suspect.[30] List died in prison custody on March 21, 2008.[37].

Richard McCoy, Jr.

Main article: Richard McCoy, Jr.
File:DBCooper article.jpg
The Salt Lake Tribune's article about the 1972 capture of Richard McCoy

On April 7, 1972, four months after Cooper's hijacking, Richard McCoy, Jr., under the alias "James Johnson", boarded United Airlines Flight 855 during a stopover in Denver, Colorado, and gave the flight steward an envelope labeled "Hijack Instructions", in which he demanded four parachutes and $500,000.[30] He also instructed the pilot to land at San Francisco International Airport and order a refueling truck for the plane.[38] The airplane was a Boeing 727 with aft stairs, which McCoy used in his escape. He was carrying a paper weight grenade and an empty pistol. He left his handwritten message on the plane, along with his fingerprints on a magazine he had been reading, which the FBI later used to establish positive identification.

Police began investigating McCoy following a tip from Utah Highway Patrolman Robert Van Ieperen, who was a friend of McCoy's.[39] Apparently, after the Cooper hijacking, McCoy had made a reference that Cooper should have asked for $500,000, instead of $200,000. Van Ieperen thought that was an odd coincidence, so he alerted the FBI. Married and with two young children, McCoy was a Mormon Sunday school teacher studying law enforcement at Brigham Young University. He had a record as a Vietnam veteran and was a former helicopter pilot, and an avid skydiver.[40]

On April 9, following the fingerprint and handwriting match, McCoy was arrested for the United 855 hijacking.[38] Coincidentally, McCoy had been on National Guard duty flying one of the helicopters involved in the search for the hijacker. Inside his house FBI agents found a jumpsuit and a duffel bag filled with $499,970 in cash.[40] McCoy claimed innocence, but was convicted and received a 45-year sentence. Once incarcerated, using his access to the prison's dental office, McCoy fashioned a fake handgun out of dental paste. He and a crew of convicts escaped in August 1974 by stealing a garbage truck and crashing it through the prison's main gate. It took three months before the FBI located McCoy in Virginia. McCoy shot at the FBI agents, and agent Nicholas O'Hara fired back with a shotgun, killing him.[38]

In 1991, Bernie Rhodes and former FBI agent Russell Calame coauthored D.B. Cooper: The Real McCoy, in which they claimed that Cooper and McCoy were really the same person, citing similar methods of hijacking and a tie and mother-of-pearl tie clip, left on the plane by Cooper. Neither Rhodes nor Calame were involved in the original Cooper investigation, but Calame was the head of the Utah FBI office that investigated McCoy, and eventually arrested him for the copycat hijacking that occurred in April 1972. The author said that McCoy "never admitted nor denied he was Cooper."[41] And when McCoy was directly asked whether he was Cooper he replied, "I don't want to talk to you about it."[38] The agent who supposedly killed McCoy is quoted as saying, "When I shot Richard McCoy, I shot D. B. Cooper at the same time."[38] The widow of Richard McCoy, Karen Burns McCoy, reached a legal settlement with the book's co-authors and its publisher.[38]

Duane Weber

In July 2000, U.S. News & World Report ran an article about a widow in Pace, Florida named Jo Weber and her claim that her late husband, Duane L. Weber (born 1924 in Ohio), had told her "I'm Dan Cooper" before his death on March 28, 1995.[34] She became suspicious and began checking into his background. Weber had served in the Army during World War II and had later served time in a prison near the Portland airport. Weber recalled that her husband had once had a nightmare where he talked in his sleep about jumping from a plane and said something about leaving his fingerprints on the aft stairs.[42] Jo recalled that shortly before his death, Duane had revealed to her that an old knee injury of his had been incurred by "jumping out of a plane".[34]

Weber also recounts a 1979 vacation the couple took to Seattle, "a sentimental journey", Duane told Jo Weber, with a visit to the Columbia River.[34] She remembers how Duane walked down to the banks of the Columbia by himself just four months before the portion of Cooper's cash was found in the same area. Weber related that she had checked out a book on the Cooper case from the local library and saw notations in it that matched her husband's handwriting. She began corresponding with Himmelsbach, the former chief investigator of the case, who subsequently agreed that much of the circumstantial evidence surrounding Weber fit the hijacker's profile. However, the FBI stopped investigating Weber in July 1998 because of a lack of hard evidence.[34]

The FBI compared Weber's prints with those processed from the hijacked plane, and found no matches.[42] In October 2007, the FBI stated that a partial DNA sample taken from the J.C. Penney department store brand tie that Cooper had left on the plane did not belong to Weber.[7]

Kenneth Christiansen

The October 29, 2007 issue of New York magazine revealed a new suspect, Kenneth P. Christiansen, identified by Sherlock Investigations. The article noted that Christiansen is a former army paratrooper, a former airline employee, had settled in Washington near the site of the hijacking, was familiar with the local terrain, had purchased property with cash a year after the hijacking, drank bourbon and smoked (as did Cooper during the flight) and resembled the eyewitness sketches of Cooper.[11] However, the FBI ruled out Christiansen because his complexion, height, weight and eye color did not match the descriptions given by the passengers or the crew of Flight 305.[43]

Recent developments

On Saturday November 24, 2007, "Coast to Coast AM with Ian Punnett" interviewed attorney and amateur D. B. Cooper sleuth Galen Cook about his latest theories on the identity of D.B. Cooper. After his appearance, the son of a man who had identified himself as D. B. Cooper to various members of his family sent an e-mail to Cook. In the e-mail, the son's description of his father's military service, demeanor, personal history and other details fit Cook's criteria for the perfect suspect. Over the next six months, Galen Cook would make about seven appearances on the show to update the audience on his investigation into that suspect.

In February 2008, the radio show released pictures of who the show's producers think may be the real D. B. Cooper, noting similarities in facial features from the Cooper composite sketch.[44] The family of the man in the image came forward after the man's passing and are currently working with the FBI to ascertain if their relative is the real D. B. Cooper. Cook, in accordance with the family's wishes, has stated that the suspect had night jumping experience as a military paratrooper, and coincidently, had a brother named Dan, and his home town's initials (Depoe Bay) are D.B.[45] Cook has speculated further that the man might have known Richard McCoy, Jr. through the military or connections in Utah.

On May 24, 2008, on the radio show Coast To Coast AM with Ian Punnett, Cook revealed new information about a suspect whom he said he believed was Cooper. He released new photos of the suspect in conjunction with the program and had previously released photos on the show's website that showed the man's photo next to the FBI's sketch of Cooper and a computer composite of the two. The photo came after a man dubbed "Greg" called Cook saying he believed his father was D.B. Cooper. According to Cook, the family has been very cooperative, and in addition to information from the family, Cook said he has DNA and a fingerprint (from military records) from the suspect, which he said the FBI had yet to analyze at that time. Cook said all details about the suspect, including his name, would be released in the Oregon newspaper, The Depoe Bay Beacon, on May 28, 2008.

Renewed FBI interest and new evidence

On November 1, 2007, the FBI released detailed information concerning some of the evidence in their possession, which had never before been revealed to the public.[46] The FBI displayed Cooper's 1971 plane ticket from Portland to Seattle, which cost $18.52. It also revealed that he requested four parachutes—two main back chutes and two reserve chest chutes. Authorities inadvertently supplied Cooper with a "dummy" reserve chute—an unusable parachute that is sewn shut for classroom demonstration. The dummy chute was not left behind on the plane, and some assume Cooper did not realize it was not functional.[46] This piece of information had been revealed in a 1979 episode of TV documentary series In Search of.... The other reserve parachute, which was a functional parachute, was popped open and the shrouds were cut and supposedly used to secure the money bag closed.

On December 31, 2007, the FBI issued a press release containing never before seen photos and fact sheets online in an attempt to trigger memories or useful information regarding Cooper's identity. In the fact sheets, the FBI withdrew its previous theory that Cooper was either an experienced skydiver or paratrooper.[47] While it was initially believed that Cooper must have had training to have performed such a feat, later analysis of the chain of events led the FBI to reevaluate this claim. Investigators said that no experienced paratrooper or skydiver would attempt a jump during a rainstorm with no light source.[47] Investigators also believe that, even if Cooper was in a hurry to escape, an experienced jumper or paratrooper would have stopped to inspect his chutes.[7]

On March 24 2008, the FBI announced that it was in possession of a parachute recovered from a field in northern Clark County, Washington, near the town of Amboy. A private property owner was in the process of making a road on the property with a bulldozer when the blade caught some cloth, and his children pulled the cloth until the canopy lines appeared. Earl Cossey, the man who provided the four parachutes that were given to Cooper by the FBI, examined the newly found chute and on April 1, 2008 said that "absolutely, for sure" it could not have been one of the four that he supplied in 1971. The Cooper parachutes were made of nylon, unlike the new chute that was recovered which is made of silk and most likely made around 1945.[48] The FBI later made a press release confirming Cossey's findings. Investigators reached their official conclusion after consulting Cossey and other parachute experts. "From the best we could learn from the people we spoke to, it just didn't look like it was the right kind of parachute in any way," said FBI spokeswoman Robbie Burroughs.[49] Further digging at the site in southwestern Washington turned up no indication that it could have been Cooper's.[49]

See also

Further reading

  • Himmelsbach, Ralph P. (1986). Norjak: The Investigation of D. B. Cooper. West Linn, Oregon: Norjak Project. ISBN 0-9617415-0-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Tosaw, Richard T. (1984). D.B. Cooper: Dead or Alive?. Tosaw Publishing. ISBN 0960901612. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) The book includes a full list of serial numbers from the $20 notes that were given to Cooper.

References

  1. ^ Adjusted for inflation, $200,000 in 1971 has the buying power of $1,045,397.53 in 2008. "Consumer Price Index Inflation Calculator". United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  2. ^ LaBoe, Barbara (2008-01-01). "Search for D.B. Cooper 'reignited'". The Daily News. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  3. ^ "FBI makes new bid to find 1971 skyjacker". Associated Press. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  4. ^ Himmelsbach, Ralph P. (1986). Norjak: The Investigation of D. B. Cooper. West Linn, Oregon: Norjak Project. pp. p. 135. ISBN 0-9617415-0-3. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Did children find D.B. Cooper's parachute?". MSNBC. 2008-03-25. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  6. ^ "Cash linked to 'D.B. Cooper' up for auction". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-03-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Text "date=2008-03-31" ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "D.B. Cooper: Help Us Solve the Enduring Mystery". FBI. 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  8. ^ "Interview with lead FBI Investigator Larry Carr". Steven Rinehart. 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  9. ^ Olson, James S. (1999). Historical Dictionary of the 1970s. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. p. 107. ISBN 0-313-30543-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Tizon, Tomas A. (2005-09-04). "D.B. Cooper -- the search for skyjacker missing since 1971". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  11. ^ a b Gray, Geoffrey (2007-10-22). "Unmasking D.B. Cooper". New York. Retrieved 2008-01-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Bragg, Lynn E. (2005). Myths and Mysteries of Washington. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot. pp. p. 2. ISBN 0-7627-3427-2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Steven, Richard (1996-11-24). "When D.B. Cooper Dropped From Sky: Where did the daring, mysterious skyjacker go? Twenty-five years later, the search is still on for even a trace". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. A20. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  14. ^ Burkeman, Oliver (2007-12-01). "Heads in the clouds". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  15. ^ a b c Krajicek, David. "The D.B. Cooper Story: The Crime". Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  16. ^ a b Bragg, p. 3.
  17. ^ a b Gilmore, Susan (2001-11-22). "D.B. Cooper puzzle: The legend turns 30". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Krajicek, David. "The D.B. Cooper Story: Meeting the Demands". Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Krajicek, David. "The D.B. Cooper Story: 'Everything Is Ready'". Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  20. ^ Rothenberg, David (1999). The New Earth Reader: The Best of Terra Nova. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. p. 4. ISBN 0-262-18195-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Rothenberg and Ulvaeus, p. 5.
  22. ^ a b c Krajicek, David. "The D.B. Cooper Story: The Jump". Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  23. ^ a b Bragg, p. 4.
  24. ^ Taylor, Michael (1996-11-24). "D.B. Cooper legend still up in air 25 years after leap, hijackers prompts strong feelings". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  25. ^ Skolnik, Sam (2001-11-22). "30 years ago, D.B. Cooper's night leap began a legend". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  26. ^ Seven, Richard (1996-11-17). "D.B. Cooper: Perfect Crime or Perfect Folly?". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  27. ^ Cowan, James (2008-01-03). "FBI reheats cold case". National Post. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  28. ^ a b Crick, Rolla J. (1973-11-22). "1,000 Offered For First $20 Bill" (PDF). The Oregon Journal: p. 25. Retrieved 2008-03-03. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Crick, Rolla J. (1973-02-23). "Winner of D.B. Cooper $20 Bill Hunt Gets $1,000" (PDF). The Oregon Journal: p. 7. Retrieved 2008-03-03. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ a b c d e Coreno, Catherine (2007-10-22). "D.B. Cooper: A Timeline". New York. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  31. ^ a b "D.B. Cooper's loot to be auctioned off". Associated Press. 2006-02-13. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  32. ^ "DB Cooper" (PDF). Associated Press. 1980-02-14. p. 15. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  33. ^ "DB Cooper" (PDF). Associated Press. 1980-02-14. p. 19. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  34. ^ a b c d e Pasternak, Douglas (2000-07-24). "Skyjacker at large". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  35. ^ Benford, James P. Johnson, Timothy B (2000). Righteous Carnage: The List Murders in Westfield. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. pp. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-595-00720-1. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Suspect in Family-Slaying May Be Famed D.B. Cooper". Los Angeles Times. 1989-06-30. p. A1. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  37. ^ John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies, New York Times, March 25, 2008
  38. ^ a b c d e f Krajicek, David. "The D.B. Cooper Story: The Copycats". Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  39. ^ "Skydiver Held as Hijacker; $500,000 Is Still Missing". Associated Press. 1972-04-10. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  40. ^ a b "Famous Cases: Richard Floyd McCoy, Jr. - Aircraft Hijacking". FBI. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  41. ^ Schindler, Harold (1996-11-24). "25 Years Later, 'D.B' Remains Tied to Utah; Skyjacker Took Story To His Grave". Salt Lake Tribune. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  42. ^ a b Krajicek, David. "The D.B. Cooper Story: "I'm Dan Cooper. So Am I."". Crime Library. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
  43. ^ "FBI rejects latest D.B. Cooper suspect". Associated Press. 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  44. ^ "D.B. Cooper Suspect Info". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  45. ^ "D.B. Cooper Suspect". Coast to Coast AM. 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  46. ^ a b Ingalls, Chris (2007-11-01). "Investigators: FBI unveils new evidence in D.B. Cooper case". King 5. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  47. ^ a b Tedford, Deborah (2008-01-02). "FBI Seeks Help in Solving Skyjacking Mystery". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  48. ^ "Parachute 'absolutely' not Cooper's". MSNBC. 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  49. ^ a b Johnson, Gene (2008-04-02). "FBI: Parachute Isn't Hijacker Cooper's". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-04-02.

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