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Dalit literature

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Dalit literature is literature written by the Dalits, that is those who are oppressed by the Indian caste system. Dalit literature forms an important and distinct part of Indian literature.[1][2] Dalit literature emerged in the 1960s, starting with the Marathi language, and soon appeared in Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil languages, through narratives such as poems, short stories, and, most, autobiographies, which stood out due to their stark portrayal of reality and the Dalit political scene.[3][4][5]

Dalit literature denounced as petty and false the then prevailing portrayal of life by the Sadashiv Pethi literature which lacked mention of the abject poverty-stricken lifestyle of the Dalits and the utter oppression the Dalits faced, at that time, from the higher castes. It is often compared with African-American literature especially in its depiction of issues of racial segregation and injustice, as seen in slave narratives.[6]

History

One of the first Dalit writers was Madara Chennaiah, an 11th-century cobbler-saint who lived during the reign of Western Chalukyas and who is also regarded by some scholars as the "father of Vachana poetry". Another poet who finds mention is Dohara Kakkaiah, a Dalit by birth, whose six confessional poems survive.

In 1958, the term "Dalit literature" was used at the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) in Mumbai by people including Jyotiba Phule and Bhimrao Ambedkar.[7] In 1993, Ambedkari Sahitya Parishad, Wardha organized the first Akhil Bharatiya Ambedkari Sahitya Sammelan (All India Ambedkarite Literature Convention) in Wardha, Maharashtra to re-conceptualize and transform Dalit Sahitya (Dalit literature) into Ambedkari Sahitya, after the name of the Dalit modern-age hero, scholar and inspiration Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who had successfully campaigned against caste-discrimination and was a strong advocate of Dalit rights. Ambedkari Sahitya Parishad then successfully organized the Third Akhil Bharatiya Ambedkari Sahitya Sammelan in 1996 and became a voice of advocacy for awareness and transformation. Since then ten similar Sahitya Sammelans, or literary gatherings, were held in various places.

The Ambedkari Sahitya Parishad was officially formed in 1992 with the goal to foster among people common ideals of humanity and to provide a platform to those who are inspired by Ambedkar's thoughts and philosophy.

Baburao Bagul (1930–2008) wrote in Marathi.[8] His first collection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (English When I had Concealed My Caste), published in 1963, depicted a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi; today it is seen by many critics as an epic portraying lives of the Dalits, and was later made into a film by actor-director Vinay Apte.[9][10] Gradually with other writers like, Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement.[11]

Modern Dalit Literature

Dalit literature began to be mainstreamed in India with the appearance of the English translations of Marathi Dalit writing. An Anthology of Dalit Literature, edited by Mulk Raj Anand and Eleanor Zelliot, and Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature, originally published in three volumes and later collected in a single volume, edited by Arjun Dangle, both published in 1992, were perhaps the first books that popularised the genre throughout India.

But the origins of Dalit writing can be traced back to Buddhist literature; Dalit Bhakti poets like Gora, Raidas, Chokha Mela and Karmamela; and the Tamil Siddhas, or Chittars (6th to 13th centuries C.E.), many of whom must have been Dalits going by hagiographical accounts like Periyapuranam (12th century). But it was after the democratic and egalitarian thinkers such as Sree Narayana Guru, Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar, Iyothee Thass, Sahodaran Ayyappan, Ayyankali, Poykayil Appachan and others cogently articulated the sources and modes of caste oppression that modern Dalit writing as a distinct genre began to emerge in Indian languages.[12]

According to Satyanarayana and Tharu, "although it is possible to identify a few Dalit writers from earlier times, the real originality and force of Dalit writing, which today comprises a substantial and growing body of work, can be traced to the decades following the late 1960s. Those are the years when the Dalit Panthers revisits and embraces the ideas of Babasaheb Ambedkar, and elaborates his disagreements with the essentially Gandhian mode of Indian nationalism, to begin a new social movement. In the following decades, Dalit writing becomes an all-India phenomenon. This writing reformulates the caste question and reassesses the significance of colonialism and of missionary activity. It resists the reduction of caste to class or to non-Brahminism and vividly describes and analyzes the contemporary workings of caste power."[13]

Asserting the importance of Dalit literature Arundhati Roy has observed: "I do believe that in India we practice a form of apartheid that goes unnoticed by the rest of the world. And it is as important for Dalits to tell their stories as it has been for colonized peoples to write their own histories. When Dalit literature has blossomed and is in full stride, then contemporary (upper caste?) Indian literature's amazing ability to ignore the true brutality and ugliness of the society in which we live, will be seen for what it is: bad literature. It will become irrelevant."[14]

Further reading

  • Aston, N.M. Ed. (2001) Dalit Literature and African-American Literature. New Delhi: Prestige Books. ISBN 81-7551-116-8.
  • Chakraborty, Mridula Nath and MacCarter, Kent (2016) Issue 55.1: Dalit Indian and Indigenous Australian Cordite Poetry Review, full issue in translation.
  • Dangle, Arjun (1992) Ed. Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature. Hyderabad: Orient Longman.
  • Dasan, M. Pratibha, V. Chandrika, C.S. and Pradeepan Pampirikunnu (2012) Eds. The Oxford India Anthology of Malayalam Dalit Writing, OUP India
  • Dutta, Angana and Sarangi, Jaydeep (2015) Trans. Eds. Surviving in My world: Growing up Dalit in Bengal. Kolkata: Stree-Samya.
  • Franco, Fernando, Macwan, Jyotsna & Ramanathan, Suguna (2004) Journeys to Freedom: Dalit Narratives. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 81-85604-65-7, ISBN 978-81-85604-65-7.
  • Limbale, Sharankumar. (2004) Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-2656-8.
  • Gonsalves, Roanna (2016) We Need to Talk about Caste: Roanna Gonsalves Interviews S Anand Cordite Poetry Review
  • Manohar, D.Murali (2013) Ed.Critical Essays on Dalit Literature. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 9788126917846.
  • Manohar, D.Murali (2013) Ed. Dalit Hindu Narratives, New Delhi: Global, 2013. ISBN 9788189630799
  • Prasad, Amar Nath and Gaijan, M.B. (2007) Dalit Literature : A Critical Exploration. ISBN 81-7625-817-2.
  • Purushotham, K. (2013) Trans. and Ed. Black Lilies: Telugu Dalit Poetry New Delhi: Critical Quest.
  • Purushotham, K. (2015). Interrogating the Canon: Literature and Pedagogy of Dalits. New Delhi: Kalpaz Publishers.9789351281641.
  • Ravikumar and Azhagarasan, R (2012) Eds. The Oxford Anthology of Tamil Dalit Writing. New Delhi: OUP India. ISBN 978-0-19-807938-5
  • Ravikumar (2009) Venomous Touch: Notes on Caste, Culture and Politics. Calcutta: Samaya
  • Singh, Bijender. Indian Dalit Literature: Critical Ruminations. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2015. ISBN 978-81-7273-965-2
  • Singh, Bijender. Indian Dalit Literature: Marginalized Voices.New Delhi: Authorspress, 2015. ISBN 978-93-5207-016-9
  • Singh, Bijender. Dalit women's Autobiographies: A Critical Appraisal. New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2016. ISBN 978-93-5128-200-6
  • Satyanarayana, K & Tharu, Susie (2011) No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 1: Tamil and Malayalam, New Delhi: Penguin Books.
  • Satyanarayana, K & Tharu, Susie (2013) From those Stubs Steel Nibs are Sprouting: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 2: Kannada and Telugu, New Delhi: HarperCollins India.
  • Satyanarayana, K and Tharu, Susie (2013). The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing. New Delhi: Navayana. p. 21. ISBN 9788189059613.
  • Uma, Alladi. Rani, K. Suneetha. and Manohar, D. Murali. (2014) Eds. English in the Dalit Context. New Delhi: OrientBlackswan.

References

  1. ^ Dalit literature
  2. ^ Brief Introduction to Dalit Literature Archived January 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "'Dalit literature reflects oppression of Dalits'". The Hindu. March 19, 2002.
  4. ^ "TAMIL: Dalit literature". The Hindu. February 26, 2008.
  5. ^ "Healing with languages". The Hindu. August 6, 2006.
  6. ^ Dalit literature and African-American literature. Ed. N.M. Aston. Prestige Books , New Delhi. 2001. ISBN 81-7551-116-8.
  7. ^ Natarajan, Nalini; Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (1996). "Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo". Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 363. ISBN 0-313-28778-3.
  8. ^ Issues of Language and Representation:Babu Rao Bagul Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India, Editors: Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 0-313-28778-3. Page 368.
  9. ^ Mother 1970 Indian short stories, 1900–2000, by E.V. Ramakrishnan, I. V. Ramakrishnana. Sahitya Akademi. Page 217, Page 409 (Biography).
  10. ^ Jevha Mi Jat Chorali Hoti (1963) Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2. Editors Amaresh Datta. Sahitya Akademi, 1988. ISBN 81-260-1194-7. Page 1823.
  11. ^ "Of art, identity, and politics". The Hindu. Jan 23, 2003.
  12. ^ Satchidanandan, K (Jan 25, 2013). "Mainstreaming the subaltern". Frontline. No. Volume 30 - Issue 01. {{cite news}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Satyanarayana and Tharu (2013). The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dait Writing. New Delhi: Navayana. p. 21. ISBN 9788189059613.
  14. ^ Anand, S. (Oct 20, 2003). "Affirmative Fictions". Outlook.

Manohar, D.Murali. Priesthood: Theorizing Mala/Vaishnava Dasari's Life, Culture and History. New Delhi: Serials, 2016.

____. Dalit Literature: A Pedagogic Discourse. New Delhi: Serials, 2016.

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