Deforestation in Thailand

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Thailand's borders with Laos and Cambodia are reflected by the brown on the Thai side in this true-colour satellite image, which shows the effects of heavy deforestation in the country.

Between 1945 and 1975 forest cover in Thailand declined from 61 percent to 34 percent of the country's land area. Over the succeeding 11 years, Thailand lost close to 28 percent of all of its remaining forests. This means that the country lost 3.1 percent of its forest cover each year over that period. An estimate by the World Wildlife Fund concluded that between 1973 and 2009, Thailand's forests declined by 43 percent.[1] The Thai Highlands in northern Thailand, the most heavily forested region of the country, were not subject to central government control and settlement until the second half of the 19th century when British timber firms, notably the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation and the Borneo Company Limited, entered the teak trade in the late-1880s and early-1890s.[2] The Royal Forest Department, created in 1896 and headed by a British forester until 1925, sought to conserve the forests against the worst business practices of British, Thai, and Chinese timber firms who worked in the region.

During the 20th century, deforestation in Thailand was driven primarily by agricultural expansion,[3] although teak deforestation happened as a direct result of timber-cutting. Much of Thailand's recent economic improvement can be attributed to increased agricultural production for export. The country was able to increase production by clearing much of their forest and converting it to cropland.

The Thai government is beginning to emphasize forest restoration.[4]

History of Thai forest management

  • In 1896 the Ministry of the Interior established the Royal Forest Department to conserve forests and control revenue from the teak forests in northern Thailand. A British forester from Burma, Herbert Slade, served as the first director of the department. From 1896-1925 the Thai government and British foresters and businesses created an "informal empire" over the teak forests of northern Thailand.
  • In 1899 all forests were declared government property and all logging without payment to the Royal Forest Department was prohibited.
  • In 1956 The Forest Industry Organization was established to establish governmental control of industrial uses of Thai forests.
  • In 1962 the Thai government began to establish national parks and other forest conservation areas, their management under the jurisdiction of the Royal Forest Department. In the 1960s there was a large shift in forest use in Thailand. Deforestation began to increase, but not due to the commercial uses of teak forests in the north, but rather increased agricultural exports from the south.
  • In the late-1960s the Thai government began to grant logging concessions, which required re-planting. They were poorly managed.
  • A military coup in 1976 led to political instability. The military began to clear forests to suppress rebel forces who had settled in the forests for protection.
  • Political instability left the government with little power to protect forests and illegal logging was pursued more heavily by villagers. During the height of illegal logging in Thailand it is estimated that somewhere between 50-75 percent of timber coming out of Thailand was obtained illegally.[citation needed]
  • In the 1980s the government took steps to limit the speed at which Thailand's forests were disappearing. They set a target for 40 percent forest cover. To achieve this they initiated tree planting initiatives and leased some degraded forests to third parties to create logging plantations.
  • In 1988 a flood in southern Thailand set in motion a complete ban on all commercial logging that was put in place in 1989.

Causes of deforestation in Thailand

Rice paddies and recently cleared forest land in the Thanon Thong Chai Range, Chiang Mai Province
Controlled forest burns and rice fields cultivated by the Karen tribe in northern Thailand

Population growth

This is most evident in the northeast region of Thailand. The region is the most densely populated in the nation and has some of the least productive soils for agriculture. As populations increased, the need for food increased, and much forest land was cleared to increase food production.[5]

Agricultural policy

The Thai government put controls on the price of rice, which encouraged farmers to explore alternative crops. However, the largest impact agricultural policy had on deforestation was the construction of roads following World War II. These roads were built to help farmers bring food products from rural areas to urban centers. This encouraged farmers to move away from subsistence farming and begin to farm on a larger scale.[6]

Land ownership policy

Thailand is a nation where over 80 percent of land is owned by the richest 10 percent of the population[7] and where property rights are ambiguous and are often interpreted differently by the various branches of the Thai government. The inability of many Thai citizens to secure property has resulted in their turning to forests to find space to farm.[8] Often wildfires are deliberately set by local farmers, as well as by speculators who hire people to set forests on fire in order to claim land title deeds for the areas that have become "degraded forest".[9]

Illegal logging

Governmental officials in charge of protected areas have contributed to deforestation by allowing illegal logging and illegal timber trading. King Bhumibol Adulyadej has blamed the destruction of Thailand's forested areas on the greed of some state officials. This is evident in places such as large protected swathes of northern Nan Province that were formerly covered with virgin forest and that have been deforested even while having national park status.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Living Forests Report, Chapter 5. Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund. 2015. p. 35. Retrieved 28 Apr 2015.
  2. ^ Barton, G.A. and B.M. Bennett. (2010) Forestry as Foreign Policy: Anglo-Siamese Relations and the Origins of Britain's Informal Empire in the Teak Forests of Northern Siam, 1883–1925 34 (1): 65-86
  3. ^ Delang, C.O. (2002) Deforestation in Northern Thailand: the Result of Hmong Swidden Farming Practices or Thai Development Strategies? Society and Natural Resources 15 (6): 483-501]
  4. ^ Wipatayotin, Apinya; Theparat, Chatrudee (2012-02-28). "Govt to spend B3bn on forest restoration". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 6 Apr 2015.
  5. ^ Poffenberger, Mark (1990), Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives in South East Asia, Kumarian Press, ISBN 0-931816-81-5
  6. ^ Myllyntaus, Timo; Saikku, Mikko (1999), Encountering the Past in Nature: Essays in Environmental History, Ohio University Press, ISBN 0-8214-1357-0
  7. ^ Ekachai, Sanitsuda (2016-01-27). "Poor suffer as regime goes back to old ways". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  8. ^ Durrenberger, E. Paul (1996), State Power and Culture in Thailand, Yale University South East Asia Studies
  9. ^ Samabuddhi, Kultida (2012-03-16). "PM misses the boat again on northern haze". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 22 Apr 2015.
  10. ^ "King says greed a factor in floods". Bangkok Post. 2012-02-25. Retrieved 22 Apr 2015.

External links

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