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Semi-metro

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Not to be confused with Light metro.
Muni Metro Forest Hill station
Sound Transit Airport station

Semi-metro is a form of urban rail transport in which trams run partly on a conflict-free track,[1][2] by using tunnels and viaducts.[3][4] These stretches of track are designed to function like a regular metro or rapid transit line.[5][6] Semi-metro lines run with tram cars because they are usually developed from an existing tram network.[7][8] Semi-metro is a concept also known as a subway–surface[9][10][11][12][13] line/system, tram subway[14] line/system, trolley subway[15] system or a hybrid[16] streetcar / light rail line)

One key difference from metro lines (rapid transit) is that semi-metro lines only partially run in tunnels and on viaducts.[17] A metro line has an entirely conflict-free track, often completely grade separated. Semi-metro routes are operated by regular trams (with or without low floor) or with specially developed tramcars (light rail vehicles), such as the Stadtbahn-car 'type B'.[18]: 55 

Features

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The semi-metro sits between rapid transit (with higher investments and a higher capacity and speed) and buses and tram in city streets (with lower investments and a lower capacity and speed). It combines advantages of greater speed (from rapid transit) with a better coverage in suburban areas (from busses and trams).[19] The term semi-metro falls under the umbrella term light rail,[20][21] which includes many kinds of modern tram transport. Semi-metro is in itself a container concept in which premetro and Stadtbahn fall. Although cheaper than a metro line, the construction of infrastructure for semi-metro routes was often still too expensive. Therefore sections were sometimes not constructed or realised in phases. The entanglement with the existing tram network is an advantage compared to constructing a separate light metro line.[22][23] Often several tram branches at grade are needed in order to make fully use of the high capacity tunnels.[24]

Right-of-way category

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A rail transit system is firstly determined by its main right-of-way category and secondly by other parameters like power supply and operating speed.[18]: 6  There are three major right-of-way categories, having been labelled A, B and C. Category A: independent right-of-way, without level road or pedestrian crossings resulting in conflict free sections. Catergory B: reserved right-of-way to avoid traffic congestion, but with level road or pedestrian crossings. Category C: street running lines in mixed traffic. Typically, a tram/streetcar line has mostly category C, a light rail line has mostly category B and a semi-metro line has some of category A (combined with category B and sometimes C).[25] Whenever light rail vehicles operate only using category A, it is defined as Light rail rapid transit (LRRT) and is part of the greater light metro class.[26]

Tremont Street subway in 1897

History

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In the Murray Hill Tunnel in New York, which was completed in 1850,[27] a streetcar station was opened in 1870.[28] Streetcars continued to run until 1935, and the tunnel was reopened as a road tunnel in 1937 after reconstruction. The first city in Europe to carry a portion of a streetcar line through the city center in a tunnel was Marseille, France, in 1893, with its Noailles subterranean station (see Marseille tramway). It was initially operated by horse-drawn wagons. A prominent example is the Tremont Street subway (1897) in Boston,[29][30] today part of the MBTA Green Line. Brussels, Cologne and Frankfurt pioneered in Europe with long tunnels with multiple stations in the 1960s.

Subtypes

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STIB/MIVB Simonis station
üstra Marienstraße station

Besides regular semi-metro networks, two subtypes exist. Both terms refer to tram networks where tram vehicles use viaducts and/or run through tunnels under city centres, but with key differences:

Premetro

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Premetro is largely similar to semi-metro: a type of public transport in which trams run partly grade separated, by using tunnels and/or viaducts. However, there is one clear distinguishing factor: premetro uses infrastructure that has been explicitly constructed with the ambition to transfer to use metro trains in the future.[18]: 9 [31][32] It is usually also developed from an existing classic tram network. One prominent example is the premetro in Brussels, where several premetro lines have been or will be converted into full heavy rail metro lines.

U-Stadtbahn

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The U-Stadtbahn is also an intermediate transportation form between metro and tram. It has originated in Germany, adapting the existing tram networks. Here specially developed trams run underground through tunnels in central urban areas.[18]: 10 [33][34] Stadtbahn lines can be subdivided by looking at the types of rolling stock.

  • There are lines where full-fledged (i.e. 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in) wide) express trams run, with long wagon bodies: Cologne, Frankfurt and Stuttgart, among others.
  • There are networks where at the start of operation narrower Stadtbahn trams with shorter wagon bodies were used: Hannover (TW6000) and Bielefeld (Düwag M/N).
  • From the end of the 20th century Stadtbahn lines with low-floor trams also appeared: Dortmund (U43 & U44), Düsseldorf (Wehrhahnlinie) and Cologne (1, 7, 9, 12 and 15).
HTM Beatrixkwartier station

Examples

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There are many regions with forms of light rail, but only few where light rail uses tunnels and/or viaducts. In the United States, the most prominent examples are the San Francisco Muni Metro and Green Line in Boston.[35][18]: 9  The Buffalo Metro Rail, Seattle's Link light rail[36] and the light rail lines in Cleveland[37] are also considered semi-metro.

Notable examples in Germany are the Hanover Stadtbahn,[38] Essen Stadtbahn,[39] Bonn and Cologne Stadtbahns, and the Frankfurt tramways.[18]: 9  In the United Kingdom, the Tyne and Wear Metro is by definition a semi-metro system due to eight level crossings.[40] Over several decades a semi-metro system was constructed in the Dutch city of The Hague.[41][42]

More recent examples are the Madrid Metro Ligero, the Málaga Metro and Alicante Metropolitan-Tram in Spain and the Porto Metro in Portugal.[43]

References

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  1. ^ International Study Week in Traffic Engineering: Reports pt.2 (in French). O.T.A. / Northwestern University. 1972. p. 44. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  2. ^ Zaborowski, dr Łukasz (2018). Tramwaj dla polskich miast (in Polish). Instytut Sobieskiego. p. 32, 33. Retrieved 3 September 2024. Do lekkiej kolei zaliczymy także systemy pośrednie między metrem a tramwajem. Bezkolizyjność trasy oraz kolejowy system sterowania w połączeniu z taborem tramwajowym to semi-metro. System taki może działać jako semi-metro w obszarze śródmiejskim, a w dzielnicach zewnętrznych jako szybki tramwaj. — Light rail also includes intermediate systems between the metro and the tram. The collision-free route and the railway control system combined with the tram rolling stock are called semi-metro. Such a system can operate as a semi-metro in the city center, and in the outer districts as a rapid tram.
  3. ^ Weigelt, Horst; Weiss, Helmut H.; Götz, Rainer E. (1977). City Traffic: A Systems Digest. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-442-29259-1.
  4. ^ Haring, Leonardus H. 13th National Light Rail and Streetcar Conference: Transforming Urban Areas. p. 401. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  5. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1973). The Automobile and the Environment. Retrieved 9 February 2023. descending into tunnels in the style of conventional underground mass transit
  6. ^ Norley, Kym (2010). Light rail: The semi-metro concept. p. 4. Semi-metro: Light rail on reserved right of way over congested parts of line typically in tunnel or viaduct for grade separation designed to Metro standards, with priority surface light rail in other sections
  7. ^ Implementation of Transportation Controls: Hearing, Ninety-third congress. Washington, D.C. 1974. p. 492. Retrieved 17 January 2023. In essence, a semi-metro consists of light rail cars operating on exclusive tracks, generally on the surface but descending into tunnels in the style of conventional underground mass transit in city centres{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ U.S., Transportation Research Board. "Transportation Research Board Special Report 179". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  9. ^ Transportation Research Board (2003). 9th National Light Rail Transit Conference. p. 29. Retrieved 16 February 2023. By this time, there was considerable interest in reconfiguring the U.S. subway-surface streetcar systems to resemble northern European practice, and there was increasing recognition that modern tramways might be appropriate for urban regions that long since had given up streetcar operation.
  10. ^ Pedestrian Observations (August 2019). "What is Light Rail, Anyway?". Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  11. ^ Canadian Embassy. (1982). Canada Today: Canada D'aujourd'hui, Volumes 13-15. Retrieved 16 February 2023. light rail subway/surface line
  12. ^ "THE RAPID TRAMWAY: A FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM". Traffic Quarterly. 24 (4): 517. 1970. ISSN 0041-0713. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  13. ^ John W., Schumann. "What's New in North American Light Rail Transit Projects?". TRB Special Report. 221 (Light Rail Transit: New System Successes at Affordable Prices): 31. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  14. ^ "The tram subways of Philadelphia - A history and a forward look". Modern Tramway and Light Railway Review. 26 (306). Ian Allan; Light Railway Transport League: 205. June 1963.
  15. ^ Middleton, William D. (2003). Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America. Indiana University Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 978-0-253-34179-2.
  16. ^ NACTO. "Streetcar and Light Rail Characteristics". National Association of City Transportation Officials. Retrieved 16 February 2023.[1]
  17. ^ Orski, C.K. (1973). "New Transportation Service Concepts". Proceedings of the International Conference on Transportation Research: 407. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d e f De Leuw, Cather & Company (1976). Light Rail Transit: A State of the Art Review. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Another Alternative: The Case for Light Rail, Part 2". Transit Journal. 1 (3). American Public Transit Association.: 56 August 1975.
  20. ^ Program, Transit Cooperative Research (2013). "11 Glossary and symbols". Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual. Transportation Research Board. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-309-28344-1.
  21. ^ George E. Gray, Lester A. Hoel (1992). Public transportation (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. pp. 131, 739. ISBN 9780137263813. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  22. ^ White, Peter (2016). "Types of urban rail system". Public transport : its planning, management and operation (Edition 6 ed.). New York. ISBN 9781317383178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ van Lith, Joske. "Geluidloos zoeven door Rennes". Verkeerskunde (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  24. ^ Pedestrian Observations (21 July 2016). "What are the Strong Tramway Corridors?". Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  25. ^ Vuchic, Vukan R. (14 January 2002). Urban Public Transportation Systems. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 4, 5.
  26. ^ Vuchic, Vukan R. (14 February 2007). Urban Transit Systems and Technology. Wiley. p. 579. doi:10.1002/9780470168066. ISBN 978-0-471-75823-5. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  27. ^ "Park Avenue Tunnel". 6 December 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  28. ^ "38th Street". Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  29. ^ "First Car off the Earth: Allston Electric Goes into the subway on schedule time". The Boston Daily Globe. September 1, 1897. Archived from the original on 2005-08-29.
  30. ^ Most, Doug (26 January 2014). "The bigger dig". Boston Globe. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  31. ^ "PREMETRO [1 record]". TERMIUM Plus®. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  32. ^ Transportation Research Board National Research Council (1989). Urban Public Transportation Glossary. Retrieved 16 February 2023. pre-metro: a light rail transit system designed with provisions for easy conversion to rail rapid transit
  33. ^ Harman, Reg (2006). HIGH SPEED TRAINS AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF CITIES. London: Greengauge 21. p. 19. Köln, like other major German cities served by ICE services over high-speed lines, has a regional rail system (Schnellbahn) and a substantial tramway system, part operated as Stadtbahn (semi metro).
  34. ^ Pedestrian Observations (29 October 2020). "Stadtbahn Systems". Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  35. ^ Ian Yearsley (21 December 1972). "Trams are coming back". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd. Retrieved 17 January 2023. ... San Francisco and Boston, both with semi-metros and independent plans for new tramcars.
  36. ^ "Electric Light Rail Transit (LRT) (Interurban & Streetcar)". Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  37. ^ Landgraf, Robert J. (1992). "Cleveland's Light Rail System in the 1980s: The Ongoing Revolution". Transportation Research Record (1361): 259. ISSN 0361-1981. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  38. ^ Cappelli, Agostino; Nocera, Silvio; Libardo, Alessandra (2013). Environment, land use and transportation systems : selected papers. p. 42. Retrieved 22 March 2024. Rather soon attention was given to Light Rapid Transit modes such as pre-metro and semi-metro (Hannover) employing heavy trams instead of light trains to run on open-air independent or semi-independent tracks, and just and just seldom using short bypass tunnels or fly-evers to skip congestion in central areas.
  39. ^ "Regional editors". International Railway Journal: IRJ. (15). Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company: 18. 1975. Retrieved 3 May 2024. brake equipment to be fitted to 90 two-car articulated semi-metro trainsets, under construction by Duwag, for service in the municipal areas of Bonn, Cologne and Essen.
  40. ^ "Tyne and Wear Metro". The Highway Engineer (23). Institution of Highway Engineers.: 44 1976. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  41. ^ "The Hague". The Modern Tramway (30): 118. 1967. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  42. ^ Vogel, A. T. (December 1972). "The semi-metro plan for Den Haag". The Modern Tramway. 35 (35): 404. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Sistema de Metro Ligeiro do Porto". Retrieved 22 March 2024.
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