Duke of Newcastle
Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne is a title which has been created three times in British history while the title of Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme has been created once. The title was created for the first time in the Peerage of England in 1665 when William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne was made Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was a prominent Royalist commander in the Civil War. He had already been elevated as Viscount Mansfield in 1620, Baron Cavendish of Bolsover and Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1621 and Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1643, and was created Earl of Ogle as a subsidiary title to the dukedom; these titles were also in the Peerage of England.
Cavendish was the son of Sir Charles Cavendish, third son of Sir William Cavendish and his wife Bess of Hardwick. William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, was his uncle (see the Duke of Devonshire for further history of this branch of the family). Sir Charles Cavendish married as his second wife Catherine Ogle, 8th Baroness Ogle, daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th Baron Ogle. In 1629 their son William Cavendish (then Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne) succeeded as ninth Baron Ogle. He was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, also a politician. His only son and heir apparent Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle, predeceased him. On the Duke's death in 1691 all the titles became extinct, except the barony of Ogle which fell into abeyance between his four daughters (one of whom was Lady Elizabeth Cavendish).
Another daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish, married John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare. In 1694 the dukedom was revived when he was created Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne in the Peerage of England. The Holles family descended from John Holles, 1st Baron Haughton. He was created Baron Haughton, of Haughton in the County of Nottingham, in 1616, and later Earl of Clare in 1624. His second son was the politician Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles. Lord Clare was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He represented East Retford in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. His son, the third Earl, was briefly Member of Parliament for Nottinghamshire in 1660. He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned fourth Earl, who was raised to Duke in 1694. The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne had one daughter but no sons and on his death in 1711 all his titles became extinct.
The Duke's sister, Lady Grace Holles (d. 1700), married Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham (see the Earl of Chichester for earlier history of the Pelham family). On his uncle's death in 1711 their eldest son succeeded to the substantial Holles estates and assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname and arms of Holles. In 1714 the earldom of Clare was revived when he was created Viscount Haughton, in the County of Nottingham, and Earl of Clare, with remainder to his younger brother Henry Pelham, and the following year the dukedom was also revived when he was made Marquess of Clare and Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, with similar remainder to his younger brother Henry. These titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain.
In 1756 (when Henry Pelham died without male issue and it was evident that the Duke would have no children) the Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was additionally created Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, in the County of Stafford, with special remainder to his nephew Henry Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln. On the Duke's death in 1768 he was succeeded in the dukedom of Newcastle-under-Lyne under this remainder by his nephew, the second Duke (for further history of this title see the Earl of Lincoln). All his other titles became extinct except for the Pelham baronetcy (of Laughton) and the barony of Pelham (of Stanmer), which devolved upon his first cousin once removed, Thomas Pelham (for further history of these titles, see the Earl of Chichester).
The title of the 1756 dukedom was "of Newcastle-under-Lyne" and not "Newcastle-under-Lyme", the usual spelling of the Staffordshire town it refers to.
Extensive personal and estate papers of the Dukes of Newcastle are held in the Portland (Welbeck) and Newcastle (Clumber) collections at Nottingham University's Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections.
Dukes of Newcastle, first creation (1665)
- also Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne (1643), Earl of Newcastle upon Tyne (1628), Viscount Mansfield (1620) and Baron Ogle (1461)
- William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1592–1676) was a Cavalier commander in the English Civil War
- Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle (1630–1691), only surviving son of the 1st Duke, died without surviving male issue
Earls of Clare (1624)
- also Baron Haughton (1616)
- John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare (1564–1637) was Comptroller of the Household to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
- John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare (1595–1666), eldest son of the 1st Earl
- Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare (1633–1689), second (eldest adult) son of the 2nd Earl
- John Holles, 4th Earl of Clare (1662–1711), eldest son of the 3rd Earl, was created Duke in 1694
- married Lady Margaret Cavendish, daughter of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of the first creation
Dukes of Newcastle, second creation (1694)
- also Earl of Clare (1624) and Baron Haughton (1616)
- John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1662–1711) died without male issue, and his titles became extinct
Dukes of Newcastle, third creation (1715)
- also Earl of Clare (1714), Baron Pelham of Laughton (1706), Baron Pelham of Stanmer (1762) and Pelham Baronet, of Laughton (1611)
- Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768), a nephew of John Holles, 1st Duke of the second creation, died without male issue. At this point his father's baronetcy and barony of 1706, his own earldom and dukedom of 1715 became extinct.
Dukes of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1756)
- 1st Duke: also Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1715), Earl of Clare (1714), Baron Pelham of Laughton (1706), Baron Pelham of Stanmer (1762) and Pelham Baronet, of Laughton (1611)
- Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1693–1768) was granted a second Newcastle dukedom with remainder to his nephew
- 2nd Duke and after: also Earl of Lincoln (1572)
- Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1720–1794), nephew of the 1st Duke
- George Pelham-Clinton, Lord Clinton (1745–1752), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died young
- Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln (1750–1778), second son of the 2nd Duke
- Henry Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln (1777–1779; styled Lord Clinton until 1778), only son of Lord Lincoln, died young
- Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1752–1795), third son of the 2nd Duke
- Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle (1785–1851), eldest son of the 3rd Duke
- Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle (1811–1864), eldest son of the 4th Duke
- Henry Pelham Alexander Pelham-Clinton, 6th Duke of Newcastle (1834–1879), eldest son of the 5th Duke
- Henry Pelham Archibald Douglas Pelham-Clinton, 7th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1864–1928), eldest son of the 6th Duke, died without issue
- Henry Francis Hope Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 8th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1866–1941), second and youngest son of the 6th Duke
- Henry Edward Hugh Pelham-Clinton-Hope, 9th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1907–1988), only son of the 8th Duke, died without male issue
- Edward Charles Pelham-Clinton, 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1920–1988), great-grandson of Lord Charles Pelham Pelham-Clinton, second son of the 4th Duke. On his death in 1988 the dukedom's male heirs became exhausted and so the title became extinct.
- see the Earl of Lincoln for further history of that title
Family tree
Dukedom Extinct, 1988: the Earldom of Lincoln passed to the 10th Duke's 10th cousin, Edward Horace Fiennes-Clinton, 18th Earl of Lincoln. (See Earldom of Lincoln for more complete tree of the Earldom.)
See also
- Duke of Devonshire
- Duchess of Newcastle (disambiguation)
- Earl of Chichester
- Earl of Lincoln
- Earl of Newcastle
- Baron Clinton
- Baron Holles
- Baron Ogle
Notes
- Camilla Long is descended from the Dukes of Newcastle, qv. www.medialens.org
References
- Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990
- Lundy, Darryl. "FAQ". thePeerage.com.
- "Manuscripts and Special Collections :The Dukes of Newcastles of Clumber Park - a Brief History". University of Nottingham. Retrieved 8 February 2013.