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Eddie Cochran

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Eddie Cochran
Eddie Cochran in 1957
Eddie Cochran in 1957
Background information
Birth nameEdward Raymond Cochran
Born(1938-10-03)October 3, 1938
Albert Lea, Minnesota, United States
DiedApril 17, 1960(1960-04-17) (aged 21)
Bath, Somerset, England
Genres
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, musician
Instrument(s)Guitar, vocals
Years active1952–1960
LabelsEkko, Crest, Liberty

Edward Raymond "Eddie" Cochran (October 3, 1938 – April 17, 1960) was an American musician. Cochran's rockabilly songs, such as "Twenty Flight Rock", "Summertime Blues", "C'mon Everybody", and "Somethin' Else", captured teenage frustration and desire in the mid-1950s to the early 1960s.[1] He experimented with multitrack recording, distortion techniques and overdubbing even on his earliest singles,[2] and was also able to play piano, bass and drums.[1] His image as a sharply dressed and good-looking young man with a rebellious attitude epitomized the stance of the 1950s rocker, and in death he achieved an iconic status.[3]

Cochran was involved with music from an early age, playing in the school band and teaching himself to play blues guitar.[4] In 1954, he formed a duet with the guitarist Hank Cochran (no relation), and when they split the following year, Eddie began a song-writing career with Jerry Capehart. His first success came when he performed the song "Twenty Flight Rock" in the film The Girl Can't Help It, starring Jayne Mansfield. Soon afterwards, Liberty Records signed him to a big recording contract.

Cochran died at age 21 after a road accident, while traveling in a taxi in Chippenham, Wiltshire, during his British tour in April 1960, having just performed at Bristol's Hippodrome theatre. Though his best-known songs were released during his lifetime, more of his songs were released posthumously. In 1987 Cochran was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. His songs have been covered by a wide variety of recording artists (see the "Style and Influence" section of this article for examples).

Early life

Edward Raymond "Eddie" Cochran was born October 3, 1938 in Albert Lea, Minnesota, to parents Alice and Frank R. Cochran.[2] His parents were from Oklahoma, and he always said in interviews that his parents had some roots in Oklahoma. He took music lessons in school but quit the band to play drums. Also, rather than taking piano lessons, he began learning guitar, playing country and other music he heard on the radio.

Music career

Early career (1952–1956)

Cochran's family moved to Bell Gardens, California, in 1952. As his guitar playing improved, he formed a band with two friends from his junior high school. He dropped out of Bell Gardens High School in his first year to become a professional musician.[5] During a show featuring many performers at an American Legion hall, he met Hank Cochran, a songwriter. Although they were not related, they recorded as The Cochran Brothers and began performing together.[6] They recorded a few singles on Ekko that were fairly successful and helped to establish them as a performing act. Eddie Cochran also worked as a session musician and began writing songs, making a "demo" with Jerry Capehart, his future manager. In July 1955, Eddie Cochran's first "solo artist" single was released on the Crest label.[7] It featured "Skinny Jim", now regarded as a rock n roll and rockabilly classic. In the spring of 1956, Boris Petroff asked Cochran if he would appear in the musical comedy film The Girl Can't Help It. Cochran agreed and performed the song "Twenty Flight Rock" in the movie.

Later career (1957–1959)

In 1957 Cochran starred in his second film, Untamed Youth, and he had yet another hit, "Sittin' in the Balcony", one of the few songs he recorded that were written by other songwriters (in this case John D. Loudermilk). "Twenty Flight Rock" was written by AMI staff writer Ned Fairchild (a pen name, her real name is Nelda Fairchild). Fairchild, who was not a rock and roll performer, merely provided the initial form of the song, the co-writing credit reflects Cochran's major changes and contributions to the final product.

In February 1957 Liberty Records released Cochran's only studio album released during his lifetime, Singin' to My Baby. The album included "Sittin' in the Balcony". There were only a few rockers on this album, and Liberty seemed to want to move Cochran in a different musical direction but Cochran refused. In 1957, however, Cochran seemed to find his stride in the famous teenage anthem "Summertime Blues" (co-written with Jerry Capehart). With this song, Cochran was established as one of the most important influences on rock and roll music in the 1950s, both lyrically and musically. The song, released on Liberty recording No. 55144, charted at No. 8 in 1957. Cochran's brief career included a few more hits, such as "C'mon, Everybody", "Somethin' Else", "Teenage Heaven", and his posthumous UK number one hit "Three Steps to Heaven". Eddie Cochran remained popular in the U.S. and UK throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s and scored more posthumous hits such as "My Way", "Weekend" and "Nervous Breakdown".

Another aspect of Eddie's short but brilliant career is his work as backup musician and producer. He played guitar on tracks by Ray Stanley, Lee Denson, Baker Knight, Bob Denton, Galen Denny, Don Deal, Troyce Key, Mike Clifford, Paula Morgan, Jody Reynolds, Johnny Burnette, Wynn Stewart, Ernie Freeman, Elroy Peace, Derry Weaver, Eddie Daniels, Jewel Akens, John Ashley, Jack Lewis, Lynn Marshall, Jess Willard, the Holly Twins, Barry Martin and Al Casey.[7] In 1959 he played lead for Skeets McDonald at Columbia's studios for "You Oughta See Grandma Rock" and "Heart Breaking Mama". In a session for Gene Vincent in March 1958 he contributed his trademark low bass voice as heard on "Summertime Blues". The recordings were issued on the album A Gene Vincent Record Date.[8]

In early 1959 two of Cochran's friends, Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens, along with the Big Bopper, were killed in a plane crash while on tour. Eddie's friends and family later said that he was badly shaken by their deaths, and he developed a morbid premonition that he also would die young. It was shortly after their deaths that he wrote and recorded a tribute to them called "Three Stars". He was anxious to give up life on the road and spend his time in the studio making music, thereby reducing the chance of suffering a similar fatal accident while touring. Financial responsibilities, however, required that he continue to perform live, and that led to his acceptance of an offer to tour the United Kingdom in 1960.

UK tour and death (1960)

Memorial plaque at Rowden Hill, Chippenham

On Saturday, April 16, 1960, at about 11.50 p.m., while on tour in the United Kingdom, 21-year-old Cochran was involved in a traffic accident in a taxi (a Ford Consul, not, as widely reported, a London hackney carriage) traveling through Chippenham, Wiltshire, on the A4. The speeding taxi blew a tire, the driver lost control and the vehicle crashed into a lamppost on Rowden Hill, where a plaque now marks the spot. No other car was involved.[9] Cochran, who was seated in the center of the back seat, threw himself over his fiancée (songwriter Sharon Sheeley), to shield her, and was thrown out of the car when the door flew open. He was taken to St Martin's Hospital, Bath, where he died at 4:10 p.m. the following day of severe head injuries.[10] Cochran's body was flown home and his remains were buried on April 25, 1960, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cypress, California.[11]

Sharon Sheeley, tour manager Pat Thompkins and singer Gene Vincent survived the crash, Vincent sustaining lasting injuries to an already permanently damaged leg that would shorten his career and affect him for the rest of his life. The taxi driver, George Martin, was convicted of dangerous driving, fined £50 (and in default of payment six months imprisonment), disqualified from driving for 15 years (although by some accounts he served no prison sentence).[12] His driving licence was reinstated in 1969. The car and other items from the crash were impounded at the local police station until a coroner's inquest could be held. David Harman, a police cadet at the station who would later become known as Dave Dee of the band Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich, taught himself to play guitar on Cochran's impounded Gretsch.[13] Earlier in the tour, the same guitar had been carried to the car for Cochran by the 12-year-old Mark Feld, later known as Marc Bolan of T. Rex, who would himself die in a car crash in 1977.[14]

A memorial stone to commemorate Eddie Cochran can be found in the grounds of St Martin's Hospital in Bath.[15] The stone was restored in 2010 (on the 50th anniversary of his death) and can be found in the old chapel grounds at the Hospital. A memorial plaque can also be found next to the sundial at the back of the old chapel.[16]

Posthumous releases and honors

A posthumous album, My Way, was released in 1964.

Cochran was a prolific performer, and the British label Rockstar Records has released more of his music posthumously than had been released during his life. The company is still looking for unpublished songs.

One of his posthumous releases was "Three Stars", a tribute to J.P. Richardson, better known as the Big Bopper, and Eddie's friends Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens, who had all died together in a plane crash just one year earlier. Written just hours after the tragedy by disc jockey Tommy Dee, it was recorded by Cochran two days later (Dee recorded his own version several weeks later). His voice broke during the spoken lyrics about Valens and Holly.

In 1987, Cochran was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[17] His pioneering contribution to the genre of rockabilly has also been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Several of his songs have been re-released since his death, such as "C'mon Everybody", which was a number 14 hit in 1988 in the UK. Rolling Stone ranked him number 84 on their 2003 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.

Cochran's life is chronicled in several publications, including Don't Forget Me—The Eddie Cochran Story, written by Julie Mundy and Darrel Higham (ISBN 0-8230-7931-7), and Three Steps to Heaven, written by Bobby Cochran (ISBN 0-634-03252-6).

On June 2, 2008, The Very Best of Eddie Cochran was released by EMI Records.

On September 27, 2010, the mayor of Bell Gardens, California, declared October 3, 2010, to be "Eddie Cochran Day" to celebrate the famous musician who began his career when living in that city.

Style and influence

One of the first rock and roll artists to write his own songs and overdub tracks, Cochran is credited also with being one of the first to use an unwound third string in order to "bend" notes up a whole tone—an innovation (imparted to UK guitarist Joe Brown, who secured much session work as a result) that has since become an essential part of the standard rock guitar vocabulary. Artists such as Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, the Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen, Van Halen, Tom Petty, Rod Stewart, Motörhead, Humble Pie, Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen, Lemmy Kilmister, the Head Cat, the Damned, UFO (band), T. Rex, Stray Cats, Brian Setzer, Cliff Richard, the Who, the Beach Boys, the Beatles, Blue Cheer, Led Zeppelin, the White Stripes, the Sex Pistols, Rush, Buck Owens, Tiger Army, Dion, Simple Minds, Guitar Wolf, Paul McCartney, Alan Jackson, the Move, Dick Dale, Teenage Head, Keith Richards & the X-Pensive Winos, Jimi Hendrix and U2[18] have covered his songs.

It was because Paul McCartney knew the chords and words to "Twenty Flight Rock" that he became a member of the Beatles. John Lennon was so impressed that he invited Paul to play with his band the Quarrymen. Jimi Hendrix performed "Summertime Blues" early in his career, and Pete Townshend of the Who was heavily influenced by Cochran's guitar style ("Summertime Blues" was a Who live staple for most of their career until the death of bassist-vocalist John Entwistle in 2002, and is featured on their Live at Leeds album). Glam rock artist Marc Bolan had his main Les Paul model refinished in a transparent orange to resemble the Gretsch 6120 guitar played by Cochran, who was his music hero.[19] He was also a heavy influence on the nascent rockabilly guitar legend Brian Setzer from Stray Cats, who plays a 6120 almost like that of Cochran, whom he portrayed in the film La Bamba.

In 1988 "C'mon Everybody" was used by Levi Strauss & Co. in an advertisement to promote its 501 Jeans catalogue and re-released as a promotional single, hitting No. 14 in the UK charts. The advertisement told a story of how the narrator, Sharon Sheeley, attracted Cochran by wearing her 501s.

Eddie's guitar style was a major influence on his nephew Bobby Cochran, who went on to have a successful career in music and regularly honors Eddie's catalog in concert. Bobby recently formed the band Somethin' Else! as a tribute to Eddie's legacy.

Guitars

When playing with Hank Cochran, Eddie Cochran played a Gibson L-4C archtop acoustic guitar with a florentine cutaway and a DeArmond 'Rhythm Chief' pickup, which can be clearly seen in the Cochran Brothers publicity photograph.

Later, Cochran moved to a 1955 Gretsch 6120 Chet Atkins G-brand Western model, which Eddie had modified. He replaced the neck position De Armond Dynasonic pickup with a black covered Gibson P-90 pickup. He also used Martin acoustic guitars.

Guitarist Bruce Welch of The Shadows owned a Gretsch 6120, bought by him because Eddie Cochran owned one.

Filmography

Year Film Role Distributor
1956 The Girl Can't Help It as himself 20th Century Fox
1957 Untamed Youth Bang Warner Bros.
1959 Go, Johnny, Go as himself Hal Roach Studios

Discography

Chart positions are from the Billboard Hot 100.

Singles

Year Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated 		Peak chart positions US Album
US UK
1954 "Two Blue Singin' Stars"
b/w "Mr. Fiddle"
Both tracks by The Cochran Brothers 		— — Non-album tracks
"Your Tomorrow Never Comes"
b/w "Guilty Conscience"
Both tracks by The Cochran Brothers 		— —
1955 "Walkin' Stick Boogie"
b/w "Rollin'"
Both tracks by Jerry Capeheart Featuring The Cochran Brothers 		— —
"Tired and Sleepy"
b/w "Fool's Paradise"
Both sides by The Cochran Brothers 		— —
1956 "Skinny Jim"
b/w "Half Loved" 		— —
1957 "Sittin' In The Balcony"
b/w "Dark Lonely Street" (Non-album track) 		18 — Singin' To My Baby
"Mean When I'm Mad"
b/w "One Kiss" 		— —
"Drive In Show"
b/w "Am I Blue" (Non-album track) 		82 — Eddie Cochran
"Twenty Flight Rock"
b/w "Cradle Baby" (from Singin' To My Baby) 		— — Never To Be Forgotten
1958 "Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie"
b/w "Pocketful Of Hearts" 		94 — Non-album tracks
"Teresa"
b/w "Pretty Girl" 		— —
Summertime Blues"
b/w "Love Again" (from Never To Be Forgotten) 		8 18 Eddie Cochran
"C'mon Everybody"
b/w "Don't Ever Let Me Go" (Non-album track) 		35 6
1959 "Teenage Heaven"
b/w "I Remember" (Non-album track) 		99 —
"Somethin' Else"
b/w "Boll Weevil Song" (from Never To Be Forgotten) 		58 22
"Hallelujah I Love Her So"
b/w "Little Angel" (from Never To Be Forgotten) 		— 22
1960 "Three Steps To Heaven"
b/w "Cut Across Shorty" 		108 1
"Lonely" / — 41 Never To Be Forgotten
"Sweetie Pie" — 38
1961 "Weekend"
b/w "Lonely" 		— 15

The following songs also made the following belated chart entries in the UK:

"Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie" -- #31, 1961
"My Way" -- #23, 1963
"Summertime Blues" -- Charted three times: #55 in 1966, #34 in 1968
and #53 in 1975
"C'mon Everybody" -- #14, 1988
"Somethin' Else" -- #100, 1988

U.S. albums

UK albums

References

  1. ^ a b "Eddie Cochran Biography". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  2. ^ a b Bobby Cochran and Susan Van Hecke (2003). Three Steps to Heaven — The Eddie Cochran Story. Hal Leonard Corporation. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
  3. ^ "allmusic ((( Eddie Cochran > Biography )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  4. ^ Three steps to heaven: the Eddie ... - Google Books. books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  5. ^ "Eddie Cochran". Gretsch Guitars. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  6. ^ Rockabilly HoF
  7. ^ a b The Eddie Cochran Story on Big Jamboree
  8. ^ Eddie Cochran's Sessions on Remember Eddie Cochran Retrieved 26 May 2013
  9. ^ Scott Stanton, The tombstone tourist: musicians. Simon and Schuster. 2003. p. 52. ISBN 0743463307. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  10. ^ "Certified copy of an entry of death: Edward Ray Cochran". County Borough of Bath. 1960-07-02. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
  11. ^ Bobby Cochran with Susan Van Hecke, Three Steps to Heaven: The Eddie Cochran Story, page 203, Milwaukee, Hal Leonard 2003, ISBN 0-634-03252-6
  12. ^ Eddie Cochran's Dark Lonely Street on Remember Eddie Cochran
  13. ^ Ian Kimmet (9 October 2001). "Seance with a gretsch g 6120".
  14. ^ "Marc Bolan". www.hackney.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  15. ^ All sizes | Eddie Cochran Memorial Plaque at St. Martin's Hospital in Bath | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Flickr. Retrieved on 2013-02-13.
  16. ^ "Remembering Eddie Cochran". The Bath Chronicle. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  17. ^ Rock and Roll HOF bio
  18. ^ Axver, Matthias Muehlbradt, Andre. "U2 C'mon Everybody - U2 on tour". U2gigs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Bacon, Tony. 50 Years of the Gibson Les Paul. Backbeat Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-87930-711-0.
  20. ^ a b CD liner notes: Eddie Cochran, Singin' To My baby & Never To be Forgotten, 1993 EMI Records
Bibliography
  • Bobby Cochran with Susan Van Hecke: Three Steps to Heaven: The Eddie Cochran Story. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard 2003. ISBN 0-634-03252-6
  • Julie Mundy and Darrel Higham: Don't Forget Me: The Eddie Cochran Story. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company 2000. ISBN 0-8230-7931-7
  • Sharon Sheeley: Summertime Blues. Ravenhawk Books 2010. ISBN 978-1-893660-18-2.
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