Eggplant production in China
China is the world's leading producer and consumer of eggplants. The leading producers, after China, are India, Turkey, Japan, Egypt and Italy; a Mediterranean climate favours its production.[1] China has produced eggplants since the 5th century BC for various reasons, not just for food.[2] The eggplant is originally from India and reached coastal regions of mainland China first and then Taiwan; the long slender variety is the preferred one for cooking.[3] Dark eggplant skins were historically used by aristocratic women to make black dye, which they often used to "stain their teeth to a black lustre".[4] In Japan, this is called ohaguro.
In 2010, China produced 26,765,666 tonnes of eggplant, 59% of total world production.[5][6] The industry is growing dramatically; 2008 figures report that China produced 17,532,681 tons in 2006. For some time the Chinese have been looking into innovative ways to increase yields, and in 1987, China established the first mechanized vegetable-seedling production farm in Beijing, known as "plug-seedling production". Eggplant has been produced in such a manner, as have tomato, cucumber, pepper, and melon, but are dependent upon plant rotation for better yield.[7]
Chinese varieties of eggplants are characteristically long, slender, cylindrical and less purple than their American and Japanese counterparts with a greenish-purple calyx.[8] The industry is dominated by small-scale farmers.[2] Although production is dramatically increasing, eggplant farmers in China are often severely hampered by Pseudomonas solanacearum which infects their crops.[9]
Production techniques
The indigenous criollo species “soloman torbon” is the root stock which is grafted with the Chinese eggplant. It takes about 75 days for the grafting to be completed and to take out the seedling for transplanting; the yield from the grafted plant is generally about 30% more than from the non-grafted variety. Greenhouses in Taiwan and China produce two varieties of the grafted plants, Exporter 1 and Exporter 3, which are sold to the farmers at US$ 0.05 (2lps) per grafted plant without any profit margin, rotation of crops is widely practiced by the farmers; maize, Solanaceae and cucurbitaceae are the inter-crops used for crop rotation in the field. To control pests, barriers (wind breaks) of sorghum, king grass and sugar cane are created; nematodes is one of the pests which generally infests the agricultural lands, however the transplanted plants are resistant to this pest.[10] In mainland China, planting of eggplant (as an open field vegetable) is done by plastic mulching and inter cropping with trellised cucurbit crops. Vine shades protect the crop during summer; however inter cropping is now less popular due to labor shortage.[11]
Small quantities of eggplant are cubed and stewed in tomato sauce and then canned, but the majority of the crop is sold in the open market. Eggplant appetizers are also made with onions and other vegetables. It is also sold as frozen slices and frozen parmigiana in small glass jars.[1]
Statistics
According to FAO in 2010, production of eggplant is highly concentrated, with 90% of output coming from five countries. China is the top producer (58.55% of world output) and India is second (25.24%), followed by Egypt, Iran and Turkey. More than 4,000,000 acres (1,600,000 ha) are devoted to the cultivation of eggplant in the world.[5]
| Top ten eggplant/aubergine producers — 2010 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Production (Tonnes) | Percentage of World Total | Footnote | |
 People's Republic of China |
24,501,936 | 58.55 | F | |
 India |
10,563,000 | 25.24 | ||
 Egypt |
1,229,790 | 2.94 | F | |
 Iran |
888,500 | 2.12 | F | |
 Turkey |
849,998 | 2.03 | ||
 Indonesia |
482,305 | 1.15 | F | |
 Iraq |
387,435 | 0.93 | F | |
 Japan |
330,100 | 0.79 | F | |
 Italy |
302,551 | 0.72 | ||
 Philippines |
208,252 | 0.50 | ||
| World | 41,840,989 | A | ||
| No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates); Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[5] | ||||
References
- ^ a b Ensminger, Audrey H.; Ensminger, Marion Eugene; Konlande, James E.; Robson, John R.K. (1995). The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition. CRC Press. p. 304. ISBN 9780849344558. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ a b Geneflow: A Publication about Agricultural Biodiversity. Biodiversity International. 1 January 2006. p. 49. ISBN 978-92-9043-724-6. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Free China review, Volume 42, Issues 7-12. W.Y. Tsao Publications. 1992. p. 18. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Derek B. Munro, Ernest Small (1997). Vegetables of Canada. NRC Research Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-660-19503-2. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ a b c "Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers - Countries By Commodity". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Snowdon, Anna L. (1 July 2010). Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables: Volume 2: Vegetables. Manson Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-84076-598-4. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Janick, Jules (12 November 2003). Horticultural Reviews. John Wiley & Sons. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-471-35420-8. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ "Eggplant production in California" (PDF). Vegetable Research and Information Centre. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Nagata, Toshiyuki; Bajaj, Y. P. S. (1 February 2002). Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement. Springer. p. 233. ISBN 978-3-540-41112-3. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Imbruce, Valerie (2006). Demand for Diversity: The Global Expansion of Chinatown's Food. ProQuest. p. 208. ISBN 9780542851032. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Jensen, Merle H.; Malter, Alan J. (1995). Protected Agriculture: A Global Review, Volumes 23-253. World Bank Publications. p. 84. ISBN 9780821329306. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
