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Electoral history of Wilfrid Laurier

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For the biography of Wilfrid Laurer, see Wilfrid Laurier.
Laurier in 1906.

This article is the Electoral history of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada.

A Liberal, he was Canada's fourth longest-serving Prime Minister, with the longest consecutive time in office (over fifteen years, from 1896 to 1911). He won four general elections and lost three. He was succeeded by Sir Robert Borden. He died in 1919, having been the Leader of the Official Opposition for eight years.

Summary

Laurier in 1891, the year he first led the Liberal Party in a general election.
Laurier in later life.

Laurier was the fourth-longest serving Prime Minister, serving from 1896 to 1911. His term in office of 15 years and 86 days (July 11, 1896 to October 6, 1911) remains the longest unbroken term of a Canadian Prime Minister.[1]

He led the Liberals in seven general elections, winning four (1896, 1900, 1904, and 1908) and losing three (1891, 1911, 1917). He is in a three-way tie with Sir John A. Macdonald and Mackenzie King for the number of general elections he contested as leader of a party.

His streak of four consecutive majority governments (1896, 1900, 1904, and 1908) is tied with Macdonald's identical record as the longest streak of general election victories at the federal level.

Laurier was the second of eight prime ministers from Quebec, the others being Sir John Abbott, Louis St. Laurent, Pierre Trudeau, Brian Mulroney, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin and Justin Trudeau. He was also the first of five francophone prime ministers, the others being St. Laurent, Pierre Trudeau, Chrétien, and Justin Trudeau.

Laurier stood for election to the House of Commons of Canada 20 times, in 1874, 1877 (twice), 1878, 1878, 1882, 1887, 1891 (twice), 1896 (three times), 1900, 1904 (twice), 1908 (twice), 1911 (twice), and 1917 (twice), although some of those were multiple elections in the same general election, as was permitted at that time. He won seventeen of the elections and was defeated three times.

Laurier was elected as a member of the House of Commons for six different constituencies, and at various times sat in the Commons for three different constituencies (Drummond—Arthabaska, Quebec East, Quebec; and Soulanges, Quebec. He served in the Commons for a total of 44 years, 10 months, 17 days, continuously from the 3rd Parliament, elected in 1874, to his death in 1919.[2]

Laurier served briefly in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1871 to 1874, when he resigned to enter federal politics in the general election of 1874.

Canada had seven provinces, one territory, and one semi-autonomous district in 1896, when Laurier was first elected Prime Minister.
Canada had nine provinces and two territories in 1911, Laurier's last year as Prime Minister.

Federal General Elections, 1891 to 1917

Laurier led the Liberals in seven general elections, winning four (1896, 1900, 1904, and 1908) and losing three (1891, 1911, 1917).

Federal election, 1891

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1891.
For information about the 7th Parliament, 1887 to 1891, see 7th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events, see Wilfrid Laurier § Leadership.

The 1891 election was Laurier's first election as leader of the Liberals. His opponent in the 1891 election was Sir John A. Macdonald, in his last election. Macdonald, aged 76, again led the Conservatives to victory, albeit with a reduced majority. Laurier remained the Leader of the Official Opposition after the election.

Canadian Federal Election, 1891 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
  Conservative Sir John A. Macdonald1 97 43.0%
  Liberal-Conservative 20 5.6%
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier2 90 45.2%
  Independent Conservative – 3 1.9%
  Independent – 2 0.8%
  Independent Liberal – 1 0.7%
  Nationalist Conservative – 1 0.2%
  Nationalist – 1 0.0%3
  Equal Rights – 0 0.3%
  Progressive – 0 0.1%
  Unknown4 – 0 2.2%
Total 215 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Acclaimed.
4 Election returns in 1887 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Many candidates did not list a party affiliation.

Federal election, 1896

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1896.
For information about the 8th Parliament, 1896 to 1900, see 8th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events while Prime Minister, see Wilfrid Laurier § Prime Minister .281896.E2.80.931911.29.

Laurier won his second general election, defeating the Conservatives led by Prime Minister Charles Tupper. The main issue was the Manitoba Schools Question, which had divided the country on linguistic and religious lines. Although Tupper and the Conservatives won the popular vote, Laurier and the Liberals won the majority of seats and formed the government, the first time at the federal level that the party with the greatest popular vote support did not form the government.

Canadian Federal Election, 1896 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier1 117 41.4%
  Conservative Charles Tupper2 71 44.4%
  Liberal-Conservative 15 3.8%
  Independent Conservative – 4 1.3%
Patrons of Industry – 2 3.9%
  McCarthyite Dalton McCarthy 2 1.3%
  Independent – 1 1.4%
  Independent Liberal – 1 0.2%
  Nationalist – 0 1.5%
  Protestant Protective Association – 0 0.6%
  Unknown3 – 0 0.2%
Total 213 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Prime Minister shortly after election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Election returns in 1896 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Some candidates did not list a party affiliation.

Federal election, 1900

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1900.
For information about the 9th Parliament, 1901 to 1904, see 9th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events while Prime Minister, see Wilfrid Laurier § Prime Minister .281896.E2.80.931911.29.

Laurier again faced Tupper in the general election of 1900. Laurier and the Liberals increased both their popular vote and seats won. Tupper retired from public life, the last of the Fathers of Confederation to leave Canadian politics.

Canadian Federal Election, 1900 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier1 128 50.3%
  Conservative Charles Tupper2 69 43.2%
  Liberal-Conservative 10 2.9%
  Independent – 3 1.4%
  Independent Conservative – 1 1.1%
  Independent Liberal – 1 0.5%
  Independent Labour – 1 0.4%
Labour – 0 0.3%
  Unknown3 – 0 0.0%4
Total 213 100.1%5
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Election returns in 1900 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Some candidates did not list a party affiliation.
4 "Unknown" candidates only received 27 votes nationally.
5 Rounding error.

Federal election, 1904

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1904.
For information about the 10th Parliament, 1905 to 1908, see 10th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events while Prime Minister, see Wilfrid Laurier § Prime Minister .281896.E2.80.931911.29.

Laurier again led the Liberals in the 1904 general election. His opponent this time was Robert Laird Borden, who had replaced Tupper as leader of the Conservatives. Laurier again won a majority government.

Canadian Federal Election, 1904 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier1 137 50.9%
  Conservative Robert Laird Borden2 70 44.4%
  Liberal-Conservative 5 1.5%
  Independent – 1 1.5%
  Independent Conservative – 1 0.5%
Labour – 0 0.2%
Socialist – 0 0.2%
  Nationalist – 0 0.1%
  Independent Liberal – 0 0.0%3
  Unknown4 – 0 1.1%
Total 214 100.4%5
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Independent Liberal candidates received only 309 votes nationally.
4 Election returns in 1904 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Some candidates did not list a party affiliation.
5 Rounding error.

Federal election, 1908

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1908.
For information about the 11th Parliament, 1909 to 1911, see 11th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events while Prime Minister, see Wilfrid Laurier § Prime Minister .281896.E2.80.931911.29.

Laurier again led the Liberals in the 1908 general election. His opponent was again Robert Laird Borden, the leader of the Conservatives. Laurier again won a majority government, which would be his last of four victories.

Canadian Federal Election, 1908 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier1 133 48.9%
  Conservative Robert Laird Borden2 82 45.0%
  Liberal-Conservative 3 1.3%
  Independent – 1 1.5%
Labour – 1 0.9%
  Independent Conservative – 1 0.5%
Socialist – 0 0.5%
  Independent Liberal – 0 0.4
  Unknown3 – 0 1.2%
Total 213 100.2%4
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Prime Minister when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Election returns in 1908 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Some candidates did not list a party affiliation.
4 Rounding error.

Federal election, 1911

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1911.
For information about the 12th Parliament, 1911 to 1917, see 12th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events as Leader of the Opposition, see Wilfrid Laurier § Opposition and war.

Laurier again led the Liberals in the 1911 general election, which was fought on the issue of reciprocity (lowered trade barriers) with the United States. Naval policy was also an issue. Laurier lost to Robert Laird Borden, the leader of the Conservatives. The loss ended Laurier's streak of four electoral victories and fifteen years as Prime Minister. He became Leader of the Official Opposition.

Canadian Federal Election, 1911 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
  Conservative Robert Laird Borden1 131 48.0%
  Liberal-Conservative 1 0.5%
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier2 85 45.8%
  Independent Conservative – 3 1.0%
Labour – 1 0.9%
  Independent – 0 0.8%
Socialist – 0 0.4%
  Nationalist Conservative – 0 0.3%
  Nationalist – 0 0.3%
  Unknown3 – 0 2.0%
Total 221 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Election returns in 1911 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Some candidates did not list a party affiliation.

Federal election, 1917

For more detailed tables of election results, see Canadian federal election, 1917.
For information about the 13th Parliament, 1917 to 1921, see 13th Canadian Parliament.
For information about Laurier and political events as Leader of the Opposition, see Wilfrid Laurier § Opposition and war.

The 1917 election was Laurier's last election. The election was fought entirely on the issue of conscription and Canada's role in World War I. The Liberal Party split between those Liberals who supported the Borden government's policy of conscription, and the Liberals led by Laurier, who opposed it. The election badly divided the country between English-Canadians, who tended to support conscription, and French-Canadians, who opposed it. Laurier and the Laurier Liberals lost the election, with Borden winning office as the leader of a Unionist (coalition) government. Laurier remained as Leader of the Opposition, but died in 1919, ending one of the longest careers in the Parliament of Canada, almost 45 years since he was first elected in 1874.

Canadian Federal Election, 1917 – Parties, Leaders, Seats Won and Popular Vote
Party Leaders Seats Won Popular Vote
  Government (Unionist) Robert Laird Borden1 153 56.9%
  Opposition (Laurier Liberals) Wilfrid Laurier2 82 38.8%
Labour – 0 1.8%
  Opposition – Labour – 0 1.0%
  Independent – 0 0.6%
  Independent Liberal – 0 0.4%
Nonpartisan League – 0 0.2%
  Unknown3 – 0 0.2%
Total 235 99.9%4
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Prime Minister after the election.
2 Prime Minister when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.
3 Election returns in 1911 did not require candidates to declare party affiliation. Some candidates did not list a party affiliation.
4 Rounding error.

Federal constituency elections, 1874 to 1917

Laurier stood for election to the House of Commons 20 times, in 1874, 1877 (twice), 1878, 1878, 1882, 1887, 1891 (twice), 1896 (three times), 1900, 1904 (twice), 1908 (twice), 1911 (twice), and 1917 (twice), although some of those were multiple elections in the same general election, as was permitted at that time. He won seventeen elections and was defeated three times.

1874 Federal election: Drummond—Arthabaska

Federal Election, 1874: Drummond—Arthabaska, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 778 52.6%
  Unknown Mr Tessier 700 47.4%
Total 1,478 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Drummond—Arthabaska

Yes Elected.

1877 Federal Ministerial By-Election: Drummond—Arthabaska

Federal Ministerial By-election, October 27, 1877: Drummond—Arthabaska, Quebec
On Mr. Laurier's appointment as Minister of Inland Revenue, October 8, 1877
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
  Conservative Yes Désiré Olivier Bourbeau 1,902 50.3%
Liberal X Wilfrid Laurier 1,880 49.7%
Total 3,782 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Drummond—Arthabaska

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

At this time, newly appointed Cabinet ministers had to stand for re-election.

1877 Federal By-Election: Quebec East

Federal By-election, November 11, 1877: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 1,863 54.6%
  Conservative Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau 1,548 45.4%
Total 3,411 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.

1878 Federal Election: Quebec East

Federal Election, 1878: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 1,946 62.5%
  Unknown Phi. Vallières 1,168 37.5%
Total 3,114 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1882 Federal Election: Quebec East

Federal Election, 1882: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 1,750 57.7%
  Conservative Jacques-Philippe Rhéaume 1,283 42.3%
Total 3,033 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1887 Federal Election: Quebec East

Federal Election, 1887: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 2,622 79.0%
  Conservative François-Xavier Drouin 695 21.0%
Total 3,317 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1891 Federal Election: Quebec East

In the 1891 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies as was permitted at that time: Quebec East and Richmond—Wolfe, both in Quebec. He was acclaimed in Quebec East but was defeated in Richmond–Wolfe.[2]

Federal Election, 1891: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier Acclaimed –
Total – –
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1891 Federal Election: Richmond—Wolfe

In the 1891 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Richmond—Wolfe and Quebec East, both in Quebec. He won Quebec East but lost Richmond–Wolfe.[2]

Federal Election, 1891: Richmond—Wolfe, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
  Conservative Yes Clarence Chester Cleveland 2,416 53.1%
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier 2,135 46.9%
Total 4,551 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Richmond–Wolfe

Yes Elected.

1896 Federal Election: Quebec East

In the 1896 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Quebec East and Saskatchewan (Provisional District), North-West Territories. He won both ridings and chose to represent Quebec East in Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1896: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 3,202 76.0%
  Conservative Cléophas Leclerc 1,011 24.0%
Total 4,213 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1896 Federal Election: Saskatchewan (Provisional District)

In the 1896 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Saskatchewan (Provisional District), North-West Territories, and Quebec East, Quebec. He won both ridings and chose to represent Quebec East in Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1896: Saskatchewan (Provisional District), North-West Territories
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 988 46.1%
  Conservative James McKay 944 44.0%
  Independent William Craig 213 9.9%
Total 2,145 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Saskatchewan (Provisional District)

Yes Elected.

1896 Federal Ministerial By-Election: Quebec East

Federal Ministerial By-election, July 30, 1896: Quebec East, Quebec
On Mr. Laurier being made Prime Minister, July 11, 1896
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier Acclaimed
Total –
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

At this time, newly appointed Cabinet ministers had to stand for re-election. It was customary for the other party not to field a candidate.

1900 Federal Election: Quebec East

Federal Election, 1900: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 3,598 81.3%
  Conservative Joseph-Eugène Chapleau 826 18.7%
Total 4,424 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1904 Federal Election: Quebec East

In the 1904 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Quebec East and Wright, both in Quebec. He won both ridings and chose to represent Quebec East in Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1904: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 3,524 71.4%
  Conservative Michel Fiset 1,415 28.6%
Total 4,939 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1904 Federal Election: Wright

In the 1904 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Wright and Quebec East, both in Quebec. He won both ridings and chose to represent Quebec East in Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1904: Wright, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 3,250 61.4%
  Conservative F.-A.-A. LaBelle 2,044 38.6%
Total 5,294 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Wright

Yes Elected.

1908 Federal Election: Quebec East

In the 1908 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Quebec East, Quebec, and Ottawa (City), Ontario. He won both ridings and chose to represent Quebec East in Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1908: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 3,764 70.8%
  Conservative Michel Fiset 1,550 29.2%
Total 5,314 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1908 Federal Election: Ottawa (City)

In the 1908 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Ottawa (City), Ontario, and Quebec East, Quebec. He won both ridings and chose to represent Quebec East in Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1908: Ottawa (City), Ontario
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 6,584 26.5%
Liberal Yes Harold B. McGivern 6,388 25.7%
  Conservative Thomas Birkett 5,959 24.0%
  Conservative John Léo Chabot 5,890 23.7%
Total 24,821 99.9%1
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Ottawa (City)

Yes Elected. (The riding returned two members.)
1 Rounding error.

1911 Federal Election: Quebec East

In the 1911 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Quebec East and Soulanges, both in Quebec. He won both ridings and represented both seats in the new Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1911: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes X Wilfrid Laurier Acclaimed –
Total – –
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1911 Federal Election: Soulanges

In the 1911 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Soulanges and Quebec East, both in Quebec. He won both ridings and represented both seats in the new Parliament.[2]

Federal Election, 1911: Soulanges, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 1,045 53.6%
  Conservative X Joseph-Arthur Lortie 903 46.4%
Total 1,948 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Soulanges

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1917 Federal Election: Quebec East

In the 1917 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Quebec East, Quebec, and Ottawa (City), Ontario. He won Quebec East but was defeated in Ottawa (City).[2]

Federal Election, 1917: Quebec East, Quebec
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
  Opposition (Laurier Liberal) Yes X Wilfrid Laurier 6,957 92.5%
  Government (Unionist) Ferdinand Omer Drouin 562 7.5%
Total 7,519 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Quebec East

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

1917 Federal Election: Ottawa (City)

In the 1917 general election, Laurier stood in two constituencies, as was permitted at that time: Ottawa (City), Ontario, and Quebec East, Quebec. He was defeated in Ottawa (City) but elected in Quebec East.[2]

Federal Election, 1917: Ottawa (City), Ontario
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
  Government (Unionist) Yes X Alfred Ernest Fripp 18,547 29.3%
  Government (Unionist) Yes X John Léo Chabot 18,312 29.0%
Liberal Wilfrid Laurier 13,289 21.0%
Liberal Harold B. McGivern 13,077 20.7%
Total 63,225 100.0%
Source: Library of Parliament – History of Federal Ridings since 1867: Ottawa (City)

Yes Elected. (The riding returned two members.)
X Incumbent.

Quebec Constituency Election, 1871: Drummond-Arthabaska

Laurier in 1874.

Laurier stood for election to the Quebec National Assembly in 1871. He resigned in 1874 to enter federal politics.

Quebec Election, 1871: Drummond-Arthabaska
Party Candidate Popular Vote %
Liberal Yes Wilfrid Laurier 1,767 63.5%
  Conservative X Edward John Hemming 1,017 36.5%
Total 2,784 100.0%
Source: Assemblée Nationale: Les résultats électoraux depuis 1867, D'Arcy-McGee à Duplessis.

Yes Elected.
X Incumbent.

See also

References

  1. ^ PARLINFO: Prime Ministers of Canada.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m PARLINFO: LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.

External links

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