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Electric fire engine (left) next to a typical 19th-century steam pumper fire engine of equal capacity, c. 1895

The electric fire engine was proposed to replace the steam pumper fire engines used for fighting and extinguishing fires in the 19th century. The fire engine's water pump, used to distribute water to put out a fire, would be operated by an electric motor instead of steam. The electric motor was claimed to be simpler, cleaner, and faster in operation, and would save money, and require less maintenance than the steam fire engine. There are a few modern battery-operated models, although the environs in which they are used are limited.

Background of design considerations

When conceived in the nineteenth century, the electric fire engine was proposed to replace the steam fire engine in use at the time.[1][2] It was to be constructed in such a way that it would use a supply of electrical power that came from a central station whereby electricity could be distributed to various covered stations and city supply points. This would require underground or overhead wiring similar to that used for electric light, trolleys, and other power users of the time.[3] It was thought that the wiring could supply electricity to various outlet posts at strategic places throughout a city or fire protected district. These outlets would supply the necessary current to the fire-engine's electric motor. The vehicle itself was to be hauled by horses and would consist of a carriage wagon with an electric motor-powered water pump permanently mounted atop. There would be cables from the motor that would connect to the outlet post to obtain the required supply of electrical current.[1]

Advantages

Nineteenth-century steam fire engine in Mackinaw Island museum

The electric fire engine would have several advantages over the steam fire engine. One was that an electric fire engine could be brought to full power immediately, whereas a steam fire engine took time. It was necessary to keep the fire going all the time to boil the water on a steam pump vehicle, with workmen furnishing coal for it. This was required so that as little time as possible was lost getting the water to boil to produce steam to run the water pump to extinguish the fire.[4] In the case of an electric motor running a fire engine water pump, its operation was basically instantaneous since the motor was running at full power capacity when the switch was turned on. The advantage of using electricity was its lower cost overall, (i.e. no coal or extensive maintenance)[5] and simplicity of operation.[6]

Other advantages of using an electric fire engine were that it would not produce loud noises, smoke, dust, cinders and ashes, as steam fire engines did.[7] Also, the cost of an electric fire engine would be about one-third that of a steam boiler fire engine.[8] A typical electric fire engine weighed sixty percent less than a steam boiler of the same capacity.[9][10]

Disadvantages

There were experimental test operations set up to see if the idea was feasible; however, the technology of electrical systems and power grid infrastructures were inadequate in the nineteenth-century to operate such a system. Another disadvantage was the possibility of power loss caused by wire breaks or electrical equipment failures – which often happened during storms.[11] The nineteenth-century idea to replace the existing steam fire engines with electric ones was ahead of its time and never moved forward.[11]

The portable electric fire engine would be efficient and practical only if a supply of electricity was available in a city for this purpose. An argument against the high cost of such an electrical installation was that the cost would be lower in a city or district where there was already an infrastructure set up to power electric lighting and electrical railways. The same current supply could be used for the electric fire engine system.[4]

Schuyler Wheeler invention

Wheeler 1885 fire engine invention

American inventor Schuyler Wheeler patented an electric fire engine system in the United States in 1885.[12][13] He filed his invention in 1882 and the patent was issued in 1885.[14] The system included electrical infrastructure, with electric motor driven water pumps, on a horse-drawn vehicle. The fire-engine vehicle was designed with the same general equipment as a regular steam fire engine of the time, but used electrically operated equipment instead of steam power. It was designed with an electrical regulator, and a switch for the main electric motor that drove the water pump, that pushed water through the fire-hoses used to put out the fire.

The electric motor was equipped with several hundred feet of cable carried on a reel. The cable attached to a specially designed electrical outlet box that was nearest to the fire. The box would be located next to the water plugs throughout the city districts in the manner previously mentioned. When the engine was tested, it gave very good results, and is now in use at the factory of the Crocker-Wheeler Electric Company, in Ampere, New Jersey. The company claimed that an electric fire engine of the same capacity as a steam fire engine would be more efficient.[4][15]

Joseph Sachs invention

Joseph Sachs had also invented an electric fire engine vehicle consisting of a wagon on which a spring-supported platform held an electric motor which operated two rotary water pumps.[4][16] The motor was supplied with a reel of electric cable and it could be regulated from either side of the vehicle.[17][18]

American experiments

There were various experimental illustrations showing what an electrical fire engine could do better than a steam fire engine if the complete system was put into operation. One set up demonstration was at the Crystal palace electrical exhibition of 1892.[19]

The Electric Fire Engine Company of Seneca Falls, New York, was formed on June 25, 1890, to manufacture the fire engine apparatus and associated equipment.[20] The Electric Fire Engine Company of America was formed December 1899 in Des Moines, Iowa. It was to manufacture self-propelled automobile electric fire engines and general equipment for fire departments.[21][22]

The Springfield, Massachusetts, city fire department purchased an electric fire truck with an automatic extending ladder that was operated by electricity in 1910. The aerial ladder was 85 feet (26 m) long and electrically raised, instead of being hand cranked by firemen to use it. Other city fire departments in the state were watching its tests as they considered whether or not to purchase it for their firemen.[23]

The Cincinnati fire department implemented use of battery-powered electrical fire engines, which were claimed to be much more effective than horse drawn engines.[24]

European experiments

Siemens electric fire engine, circa 1891

Experimental electric fire-engines were made for testing in France, Germany and England starting in the latter part of the nineteenth century.[6][25][26] Siemens Brothers Company of London built and experimented with an electric fire engine in 1891. It was shown at the Royal Naval Exhibition in England in 1892.[1] The Paris Fire Department experimented with a self-propelled electric fire engine in 1899.[27] The French electric fire engine, known to them as the automobile pump, was first exhibited at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris and became very popular during its first six months of successful operation. It was demonstrated that this electric fire-engine allowed firemen to begin to extinguish a fire four minutes earlier than a steam fire engine. The fire-engine was self-propelled by on board batteries, and carried a water tank with hundreds of gallons of water that could be used immediately at the site of the fire. The hoses were then connected to the city fire hydrants for more water if needed for a large fire. In 1901, the Paris Fire Department put an electric fire engine into successful operation that also had a hook-and-ladder wagon. It had an electric motor-driven water pump to which hoses were attached for the firemen to use.[28]

Modern battery operated models

In the twentieth century, some manufacturers have designed storage battery-operated, self-propelled models, which they claim are a better, cleaner and greener alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel fire trucks. These are said to be better suited for particular types of environments, e.g., hotels and resorts, manufacturing facilities.[29] Harnessing battery power is an old idea, going back to the nineteen hundreds.[30][31] It joins an increasingly longer list of production battery-operated vehicles.[32][33][34]

In 2002, the French car manufacturer Peugeot designed an electric fire engine with a futuristic appearance. It is a fuel cell battery vehicle that is designed halfway between a twenty-first century automobile and an ordinary gasoline fire engine. The front part carries two firemen, and the rear is a large water-tank with a ladder on top. The state-of-the-art vehicle makes its own hydrogen and oxygen needed to supply the fuel cell battery that operates the vehicle, water pump, smoke extractors, and electronic equipment.[35]

In 2017, Rosenbauer introduced a concept electric fire truck. It would be powered by four electric motors, one at each wheel of the all-wheel-drive fire engine. It would also have a diesel-powered auxiliary engine that can recharge the batteries in 15 minutes.[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Sachs 1895, p. 311.
  2. ^ "An Electric Fire Engine". The York Daily. York, Pennsylvania. November 2, 1893 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  3. ^ "ELECTRIC FIRE ENGINE – One Recently Invented with Several Advantages Claimed for it". Albany Ledger – page 2. Albany, Missouri. July 1, 1898 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  4. ^ a b c d Sachs 1895, p. 312.
  5. ^ "Electric Fire Engines". Jackson County Banner (page 2). Brownstown, Indiana. May 23, 1889 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  6. ^ a b "Wonderful Fire Engine". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. May 11, 1903 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  7. ^ "Electric Fire Engines". Newton Kansan – page 1. Newton, Kansas. April 25, 1889 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  8. ^ "Electric Fire Engines". Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. April 17, 1889 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  9. ^ "The Electric Fire Engine". Belmont Chronicle, page 3. Saint Clairsville, Ohio. September 29, 1892 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  10. ^ "no title". Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. September 5, 1889 – via newspapers.com Open access icon. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  11. ^ a b "Electric Fire Engine – One Recently Invented with Several Advantages Claimed for it". Lawrence Daily Journal. Lawrence, Kansas. September 16, 1898 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  12. ^ Government Printing Office 1886, p. 67.
  13. ^ "Schuyler Scatts Wheeler, President 1905–1906. Member biography for Wheeler, New York" (PDF). Electrical Engineering 50th Anniversary Number. Piscataway, NJ: American Institute of Electrical Engineers. May 1934. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  14. ^ "Electric Fire Engine Patent art work". Siren World. Archived from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  15. ^ "Electric Fire Engine". Marengo Republican-News – page 4. Marengo, Illinois. November 23, 1888 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  16. ^ Appleton 1895, p. 501.
  17. ^ "The Origins of Fire Engines". Reading Times. Reading, Pennsylvania. September 30, 1895 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  18. ^ "Electric Fire Engine – One Recently Invented with Several Advantages Claimed for it". Lawrence Daily Journal. Lawrence, Kansas. September 16, 1898 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  19. ^ "Electric fire engine". Belmont. Ohio. September 29, 1892 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  20. ^ "From Albany". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. June 26, 1890. p. 1 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  21. ^ "Make Electric Fire Engines". Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. February 4, 1900 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  22. ^ "Notice of Incorporation of The Electric Fire Engine Company of America". Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. February 9, 1900 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  23. ^ "New Fire Truck". Fitchburg Sentinel. Fitchburg, Massachusetts. December 31, 1910 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  24. ^ "Electric Vehicles: Akron's Economical 12-ton Aerial Ladder Truck". Electrical World. 65 (26): 1706–1707. January 16, 1915. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  25. ^ "MUNICIPAL SANITATION". Leavenworth Times. Leavenworth, Kansas. June 8, 1899 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  26. ^ "no title". The Church Weekly. London, England. October 1, 1897 – via newspapers.com Open access icon. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  27. ^ "Electric Fire Engine". Camden Chronicle. Camden, Tennessee. June 9, 1899 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  28. ^ "Paris Fire Department Automobiles". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. July 29, 1901 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  29. ^ "Electric fire engine truck, EG6040F". Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  30. ^ Cox, George W. (August 17, 1897). "Electric fire-engine US 588399 A G. W. COX". United States Patent Office. Retrieved March 31, 2017 – via Google Patents.
  31. ^ Battery-operated Fire Truck. Vol. 36–37. National Fire Protection Association. 1969. pp. 48–49. Retrieved May 16, 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "Brigade first in London to turn all blue light cars 'green'". London Fire Brigade. London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  33. ^ "Slowly but surely, the BMW i3 is becoming the most preferred model for all kind different social sector like state police or fire brigade. And the last social unit to receive a whole fleet of BMW i3s is no other than London Fire Brigade". BMW i3s Are Now Equipping the London Fire Brigade. PlugTheNet. 2017. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  34. ^ "London Fire Brigade rolls out electric fleet". GreenFleet. Public Sector Information Limited. 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  35. ^ "Future of firefighting unveiled". Electrifying Times – Latest Electric Car News. International Magazine of Electric Vehicles. 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  36. ^ "Rosenbauer Introduces Concept Electric Fire Truck". Firehouse. Retrieved 2018-01-11.

Sources

  • Appleton (1895). The Popular Science Monthly. D. Appleton. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Government Printing Office, United States (1886). Patents Relating to Electricity. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Sachs, Joseph (1895). Cassier's Magazine. L. Cassier Company, Limited. The electrically-operated fire engine would possess a number of advantages over the steam fire engine. Not only would it be much lighter and smaller for the same capacity, but it would be simpler and more efficient and not necessitate any waiting, as at present, to raise steam. In fact, as soon as the engine arrived at the fire, the motor and pump could be started at once by simply making the connection with the plug or switch boxes. Aside from this, it would be free from all smoke, dust, cinders and ashes, which are such objectionable accompaniments of steam fire engines. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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