Euophrys maseruensis
| Euophrys maseruensis | |
|---|---|
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| The related Euophrys frontalis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Euophrys |
| Species: | E. maseruensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Euophrys maseruensis Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith, 2014
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Euophrys maseruensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Euophrys that is endemic to Lesotho. The species was first described in 2014 by Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Anthony Russell-Smith. It is a very small spider, with a body that consists of a cephalothorax that is typically 1.1 mm (0.04 in) long and an abdomen that is typically 0.8 mm (0.03 in) long. The spider is generally brown, apart from small features like the white hairs that can be seen on its face, or clypeus, and its greyish spinnerets. The carapace, the topside of the cephalothorax, is darker than the sternum, or underside and, unusually for the genus, a scutum covers the top of the abdomen. Both its legs and pedipalps are also brown. The spider's The copulatory organs are distinctive amongst spiders in the genus, particularly male's thin tibial apophysis, or protrusion on the palpal tibia. The female has not been described.
Etymology and taxonomy
[edit]Euophrys maseruensis is a species of jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska, Galina Azarkina and Anthony Russell-Smith in 2014.[1] They allocated it to the genus Euophrys, which had been first circumscribed by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1934.[2] It was one of over 500 species identified by the Polish arachnologist Wesołowska during her career, more than any other contemporary writer and second only to the French archnologist Eugène Simon.[3] The genus is named for a Greek word that can be translated "fair eyebrows".[4] The species is named for the capital of Lesotho, Maseru.[5]
In Wayne Maddison's 2015 study of spider phylogenetic classification, the genus Euophrys was listed to the tribe Euophryini.[6] First circumscribed by Simon in 1901, the tribe has also been known as Euophrydinae, but the original name is now more prevalent.[7] It is a member of a subgroup of genera called Euophrydeae after the latter name.[8] It is a member of the clade Saltafresia.[9] Analysis of protein-coding genes showed it was particularly related to Thorelliola.[10] In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński added the genus to a group of genera named Euopherines, named after the genus.[11] This is a member of the supergroup of genera Euphryoida.[12]
Description
[edit]Euophrys maseruensis is a very small spider with a body divided into two main parts: a broad cephalothorax and an oval abdomen.[13] The male has a cephalothorax that is typically 1.1 mm (0.04 in) long and 0.8 mm (0.03 in) wide, The carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is dark brown with a very subtle, poorly-developed depression, or fovea in the middle. The eye field is black. The underside of the cephalothorax, or sternum, is brown. The spider's face, or clypeus, is low and dark with some white hairs visible on its surface. The mouthparts are brown and the chelicerae has two teeth at the front and one behind.[5]
The spider's abdomen is an oval that is longer than its carapace, with a length of 1.2 mm (0.05 in), but has a similar width. The top is hairless and covered with a shiny brown scutum and the underside is dark. The spider has greyish spinnerets, while its legs and pedipalps are generally brown. The legs have fine hairs that are colourless.[5]
The spider has distinctive copulatory organs. Only the male has been described, but this is sufficient to be able to show how the species differs from other Euophrys spiders.[1] The palpal bulb is brown and bulbous, with a bulge to its base and a thin embolus that loops around as it emanates from its top. The palpal tibia has a very narrow, but not needle-shaped, protrusion, or tibial apophysis.[14][15] The narrow tibial apophysis and large embolic disk are key to distinguishing the spider from related species like Euophrys recta.[16] It is otherwise similar to other species in the genus, particularly the type species Euophrys frontalis, but differs in its shorter tibial apophysis and broader embolus, and particularly the way that the embolus loops on a slight angle rather than running straight up.[5][17]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Euophrys spiders live across the world, although those found in North America may be accidental migrants and those in Central and South America misidentfications.[18][19] In Africa, they are mainly found in the southern part of the continent.[20] Euophrys maseruensis is endemic to Lesotho.[1][21] Restricted to a very limited area of the country, the spider thrives in the forests of the afromontane.[16][22] The holotype has been discovered in 1977 near Molimo-Nthuse living on a boulder in the middle of a stream.[5]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2017). "Euophrys maseruensis Wesolowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith, 2014". World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith 2014, p. 207.
- ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d e Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith 2014, p. 23.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 279.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 248.
- ^ Prószyński, Lissner & Schäfer 2018, p. 34.
- ^ Maddison 2015, pp. 246.
- ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 538.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, pp. 71, 73.
- ^ Prószyński, Lissner & Schäfer 2018, p. 33.
- ^ Prószyński, Lissner & Schäfer 2018, p. 45.
- ^ Prószyński, Lissner & Schäfer 2018, p. 51.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith 2014, p. 24.
- ^ a b Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith 2014, p. 29.
- ^ Prószyński, Lissner & Schäfer 2018, p. 35.
- ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 543.
- ^ Prószyński, Lissner & Schäfer 2018, p. 37.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith 2014, p. 70.
- ^ Wesołowska, Azarkina & Russell-Smith 2014, p. 6.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2014, p. 224.
Bibliography
[edit]- Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" [The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae)]. Revista ibérica de Aracnología (in Spanish) (22): 125–130. ISSN 1576-9518.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Maddison, Wayne P .; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the world's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Prószyński, Jerzy; Lissner, Jørgen; Schäfer, Michael (2018). "Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol". Ecologica Montenegrina (18): 26–74. doi:10.37828/em.2018.18.4.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Azarkina, Galina N.; Russell-Smith, Anthony (2014). "Euophryine jumping spiders of the Afrotropical Region—new taxa and a checklist (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae)". Zootaxa. 3789 (1): 1–72. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3789.1.1. PMID 24869747.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2014). "An overview of the jumping spiders of Lesotho (Araneae: Salticidae), with descriptions of six new species: arachnida". African Invertebrates. 55 (2): 229–268.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825.