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ext3

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For the gene, see EXT3 (gene).
ext3
Developer(s)Stephen Tweedie
Full nameThird extended file system
IntroducedNovember 2001 with Linux 2.4.15
Partition IDs0x83 (MBR)
EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 (GPT)
Structures
Directory contentsTable, hashed B-tree with dir_index enabled
File allocationbitmap (free space), table (metadata)
Bad blocksTable
Limits
Max volume size4 TiB – 32 TiB
Max file size16 GiB – 2 TiB
Max no. of filesVariable, allocated at creation time[1]
Max filename length255 bytes
Allowed filename
characters		All bytes except NUL ('\0') and '/'
Features
Dates recordedmodification (mtime), attribute modification (ctime), access (atime)
Date rangeDecember 14, 1901 – January 18, 2038
Date resolution1 s
Attributesallow-undelete, append-only, h-tree (directory), immutable, journal, no-atime, no-dump, secure-delete, synchronous-write, top (directory)
File system
permissions		Unix permissions, ACLs and arbitrary security attributes (Linux 2.6 and later)
Transparent
compression		No
Transparent
encryption		No (provided at the block device level)
Data deduplicationNo
Other
Supported
operating systems		Linux, BSD, Windows (through an IFS)

ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is commonly used by the Linux kernel. It is the default file system for many popular Linux distributions. Stephen Tweedie first revealed that he was working on extending ext2 in Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem in a 1998 paper, and later in a February 1999 kernel mailing list posting. The filesystem was merged with the mainline Linux kernel in November 2001 from 2.4.15 onward.[2][3][4] Its main advantage over ext2 is journaling, which improves reliability and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean shutdown. Its successor is ext4.

Advantages

The performance (speed) of ext3 is less attractive than competing Linux filesystems, such as ext4, JFS, ReiserFS and XFS. But ext3 has a significant advantage in that it allows in-place upgrades from ext2 without having to back up and restore data. Benchmarks suggest that ext3 also uses less CPU power than ReiserFS and XFS.[5][6] It is also considered safer than the other Linux file systems, due to its relative simplicity and wider testing base.[7][8]

ext3 adds the following features to ext2:

  • A journal.
  • Online file system growth.
  • HTree indexing for larger directories.[9]

Without these features, any ext3 file system is also a valid ext2 file system. This situation has allowed well-tested and mature file system maintenance utilities for maintaining and repairing ext2 file systems to also be used with ext3 without major changes. The ext2 and ext3 file systems share the same standard set of utilities, e2fsprogs, which includes an fsck tool. The close relationship also makes conversion between the two file systems (both forward to ext3 and backward to ext2) straightforward.

ext3 lacks "modern" filesystem features, such as dynamic inode allocation and extents. This situation might sometimes be a disadvantage, but for recoverability, it is a significant advantage. The file system metadata is all in fixed, well-known locations, and data structures have some redundancy. In significant data corruption, ext2 or ext3 may be recoverable, while a tree-based file system may not.

Size limits

The max number of blocks for ext3 is 232. The size of a block can vary, affecting the max number of files and the max size of the file system:[10]

Block size Maximum
file size 		Maximum
file system size
1 KiB 16 GiB 4 TiB
2 KiB 256 GiB 8 TiB
4 KiB 2 TiB 16 TiB
8 KiB[limits 1] 2 TiB 32 TiB
  1. ^ In Linux, 8 KiB block size is only available on architectures which allow 8 KiB pages, such as Alpha.

Journaling levels

There are three levels of journaling available in the Linux implementation of ext3:

Journal (lowest risk)
Both metadata and file contents are written to the journal before being committed to the main file system. Because the journal is relatively continuous on disk, this can improve performance, if the journal has enough space. In other cases, performance gets worse, because the data must be written twice—once to the journal, and once to the main part of the filesystem.[11]
Ordered (medium risk)
Only metadata is journaled; file contents are not, but it's guaranteed that file contents are written to disk before associated metadata is marked as committed in the journal. This is the default on many Linux distributions. If there is a power outage or kernel panic while a file is being written or appended to, the journal will indicate that the new file or appended data has not been "committed", so it will be purged by the cleanup process. (Thus appends and new files have the same level of integrity protection as the "journaled" level.) However, files being overwritten can be corrupted because the original version of the file is not stored. Thus it's possible to end up with a file in an intermediate state between new and old, without enough information to restore either one or the other (the new data never made it to disk completely, and the old data is not stored anywhere). Even worse, the intermediate state might intersperse old and new data, because the order of the write is left up to the disk's hardware.[12][11]
Writeback (highest risk)
Only metadata is journaled; file contents are not. The contents might be written before or after the journal is updated. As a result, files modified right before a crash can become corrupted. For example, a file being appended to may be marked in the journal as being larger than it actually is, causing garbage at the end. Older versions of files could also appear unexpectedly after a journal recovery. The lack of synchronization between data and journal is faster in many cases. JFS uses this level of journaling, but ensures that any "garbage" due to unwritten data is zeroed out on reboot. XFS also uses this form of journaling.

In all three modes, the internal structure of file system is assured to be consistent even after a crash. In any case, only the data content of files or directories which were being modified when the system crashed will be affected; the rest will be intact after recovery.

Disadvantages

Functionality

Since ext3 aims to be backwards compatible with the earlier ext2, many of the on-disk structures are similar to those of ext2. Consequently, ext3 lacks recent features, such as extents, dynamic allocation of inodes, and block suballocation.[13] A directory can have at most 31998 subdirectories, because an inode can have at most 32000 links.[14]

ext3, like most current Linux filesystems, cannot be fsck-ed while the filesystem is mounted for writing. Attempting to check a file system that is already mounted may detect bogus errors where changed data has not reached the disk yet, and corrupt the file system in an attempt to "fix" these errors.

Defragmentation

There is no online ext3 defragmentation tool that works on the filesystem level. There is an offline ext2 defragmenter, e2defrag, but it requires that the ext3 filesystem be converted back to ext2 first. But e2defrag may destroy data, depending on the feature bits turned on in the filesystem; it does not know how to treat many of the newer ext3 features.[15]

There are userspace defragmentation tools, like Shake[16] and defrag.[17][18] Shake works by allocating space for the whole file as one operation, which will generally cause the allocator to find contiguous disk space. If there are files which are used at the same time, Shake will try to write them next to one another. Defrag works by copying each file over itself. However, this strategy works only if the file system has enough free space. A true defragmentation tool does not exist for ext3.[19]

However, as the Linux System Administrator Guide states, "Modern Linux filesystem(s) keep fragmentation at a minimum by keeping all blocks in a file close together, even if they can't be stored in consecutive sectors. Some filesystems, like ext3, effectively allocate the free block that is nearest to other blocks in a file. Therefore it is not necessary to worry about fragmentation in a Linux system."[20]

While ext3 is resistant to file fragmentation, ext3 can get fragmented over time or for specific usage patterns, like slowly writing large files.[21][22] Consequently, ext4 (the successor to ext3) has an online filesystem defragmentation utility e4defrag[23] and currently supports extents (contiguous file regions).

Undelete

ext3 does not support the recovery of deleted files. The ext3 driver actively deletes files by wiping file inodes,[24] for crash safety reasons.

There are still several techniques[25] and some free[26] and commercial[27] software for recovery of deleted or lost files using file system journal analysis; however, they do not guarantee any specific file recovery.

Compression

e3compr[28] is an unofficial patch for ext3 that does transparent compression. It is a direct port of e2compr and still needs further development. It compiles and boots well with upstream kernels[citation needed], but journaling is not implemented yet.

Lack of snapshots support

Unlike a number of modern file systems, ext3 does not have native support for snapshots—the ability to quickly capture the state of the filesystem at arbitrary times. Instead, it relies on less-space-efficient, volume-level snapshots provided by the Linux LVM. The Next3 file system is a modified version of ext3 which offers snapshots support, yet retains compatibility with the ext3 on-disk format.[29]

No checksumming in journal

ext3 does not do checksumming when writing to the journal. On a storage device with extra cache, if barrier=1 is not enabled as a mount option (in /etc/fstab), and if the hardware is doing out-of-order write caching, one runs the risk of severe filesystem corruption during a crash.[30][31][32] This is because storage devices with write caches report to the system that the data has been completely written, even if it was written to the (volatile) cache.

Consider the following scenario: If hard disk writes are done out-of-order (due to modern hard disks caching writes in order to amortize write speeds), it is likely that one will write a commit block of a transaction before the other relevant blocks are written. If a power failure or unrecoverable crash should occur before the other blocks get written, the system will have to be rebooted. Upon reboot, the file system will replay the log as normal, and replay the "winners" (transactions with a commit block, including the invalid transaction above, which happened to be tagged with a valid commit block). The unfinished disk write above will thus proceed, but using corrupt journal data. The file system will thus mistakenly overwrite normal data with corrupt data while replaying the journal. There is a test program available to trigger the problematic behavior. If checksums had been used, where the blocks of the "fake winner" transaction were tagged with a mutual checksum, the file system could have known better and not replayed the corrupt data onto the disk. Journal checksumming has been added to ext4.[33]

Filesystems going through the device mapper interface (including software RAID and LVM implementations) may not support barriers, and will issue a warning if that mount option is used.[34][35] There are also some disks that do not properly implement the write cache flushing extension necessary for barriers to work, which causes a similar warning.[36] In these situations, where barriers are not supported or practical, reliable write ordering is possible by turning off the disk's write cache and using the data=journal mount option.[30] Turning off the disk's write cache may be required even when barriers are available.

Applications like databases expect that a call to fsync() will flush pending writes to disk, and the barrier implementation doesn't always clear the drive's write cache in response to that call.[37] There is also a potential issue with the barrier implementation related to error handling during events, such as a drive failure.[38] It is also known that sometimes some virtualization technologies do not properly forward fsync or flush commands to the underlying devices (files, volumes, disk) from a guest operating system.[39] Similarly, some hard disks or controllers implement cache flushing incorrectly or not at all, but still advertise that it is supported, and do not return any error when it is used.[40] There are so many ways to handle fsync and write cache handling incorrectly, it is safer to assume that cache flushing does not work unless it is explicitly tested, regardless of how reliable individual components are believed to be.

ext4

Main article: ext4

On June 28, 2006, Theodore Ts'o, the principal developer of ext3,[41] announced an enhanced version, called ext4. On October 11, 2008, the patches that mark ext4 as stable code were merged in the Linux 2.6.28 source code repositories, marking the end of the development phase and recommending its adoption. In 2008, Ts'o stated that although ext4 has improved features, it is not a major advance, it uses old technology, and is a stop-gap; Ts'o believes that Btrfs is the better direction, because "it offers improvements in scalability, reliability, and ease of management".[42] Btrfs also has "a number of the same design ideas that reiser3/4 had".[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ The maximum number of inodes (and hence the maximum number of files and directories) is set when the file system is created. If V is the volume size in bytes, then the default number of inodes is given by V/213 (or the number of blocks, whichever is less), and the minimum by V/223. The default was deemed sufficient for most applications. The max number of subdirectories in one directory is fixed to 32000.
  2. ^ Stephen C. Tweedie (May 1998). "Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem" (PDF). Proceedings of the 4th Annual LinuxExpo, Durham, NC. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
  3. ^ Stephen C. Tweedie (February 17, 1999). "Re: fsync on large files". Linux kernel mailing list.
  4. ^ Rob Radez (November 23, 2001). "2.4.15-final". Linux kernel mailing list.
  5. ^ Justin Piszcz. "Benchmarking Filesystems Part II". Linux Gazette (122).
  6. ^ Hans Ivers. "Filesystems (ext3, reiser, xfs, jfs) comparison on Debian Etch". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Roderick W. Smith (2003-10-09). "Introduction to Linux filesystems and files". Linux.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ James Trageser (2010-04-23). "Which Linux filesystem to choose for your PC? Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, ReiserFS (Reiser3), Reiser4, XFS, Btrfs".
  9. ^ Mingming Cao. "Directory indexing". Features found in Linux 2.6.
  10. ^ Matthew Wilcox. "Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt". Linux kernel source documentation.
  11. ^ a b Daniel Robbins (2001-12-01). "Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide, Part 8". IBM developerWorks. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13.
  12. ^ curious onloooker: Speeding up ext3 filesystems. Evuraan.blogspot.com (2007-01-09). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  13. ^ Rob Radez (2005). "Extents,delayed allocation". future of ext3.
  14. ^ Robert Nichols (2007-04-03) Re: How many sub-directories ? linux.derkeiler.com
  15. ^ Andreas Dilger. "Post to the ext3-users mailing list". ext3-users mailing list post.
  16. ^ Shake. Vleu.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  17. ^ Defrag written in shell. Ck.kolivas.org (2012-08-19). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  18. ^ Defrag written in Python. Bazaar.launchpad.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  19. ^ RE: searching for ext3 defrag/file move program. Redhat.com (2005-03-04). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  20. ^ 5.10. Filesystems. Tldp.org (2002-11-09). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  21. ^ "#849 closed Enhancement (fixed) - preallocation to prevent fragmentation". trac.transmissionbt.com. The default Ubuntu filesystem ("ext3") will fragment large (>1GB), slowly growing files (<1MB/s)
  22. ^ Oliver Diedrich (27 October 2008). "Tuning the Linux file system Ext3". We found heavily fragmented free areas on an intensively used IMAP server which stores all its emails in individual files – although more than 900 GB of the total disk space of 1.4 TB were still available
  23. ^ Ext4 – Linux Kernel Newbies. Kernelnewbies.org (2011-05-19). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  24. ^ Linux ext3 FAQ. Batleth.sapienti-sat.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  25. ^ HOWTO recover deleted files on an ext3 file system. Xs4all.nl (2008-02-07). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  26. ^ PhotoRec – GPL'd File Recovery. Cgsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  27. ^ UFS Explorer Standard Recovery version 4. Ufsexplorer.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  28. ^ e3compr – ext3 compression. Sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  29. ^ Jonathan Corbet. "The Next3 filesystem". LWN.
  30. ^ a b Re: Frequent metadata corruption with ext3 + hard power-off. Archives.free.net.ph. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  31. ^ Re: Frequent metadata corruption with ext3 + hard power-off. Archives.free.net.ph. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  32. ^ Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Chapter 20. Write Barriers
  33. ^ ext4: Add the journal checksum feature. Article.gmane.org (2008-02-26). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  34. ^ Re: write barrier over device mapper supported or not?. Oss.sgi.com. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  35. ^ XFS and zeroed files. Madduck.net (2008-07-11). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  36. ^ Barrier Sync. forums.opensuse.org (March 2007)
  37. ^ Re: Proposal for "proper" durable fsync() and fdatasync(). Mail-archive.com (2008-02-26). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  38. ^ I/O Barriers, as of kernel version 2.6.31. Mjmwired.net. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  39. ^ Virtualization and IO Modes = Extra Complexity. Mysqlperformanceblog.com (2011-03-21). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  40. ^ SSD, XFS, LVM, fsync, write cache, barrier and lost transactions. Mysqlperformanceblog.com (2009-03-02). Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  41. ^ "Theodore Ts'o": Proposal and plan for ext2/3 future development work. LKML. Retrieved on 2013-06-22.
  42. ^ Ryan Paul (2009-04-13). "Panelists ponder the kernel at Linux Collaboration Summit" (Document). Ars Technica. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  43. ^ Theodore Ts'o (2008-08-01). "Re: reiser4 for 2.6.27-rc1". linux-kernel (Mailing list). Retrieved 2010-12-31. {{cite mailing list}}: Unknown parameter |mailinglist= ignored (|mailing-list= suggested) (help)
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