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First Lady of Colombia

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First Lady of Colombia
[Primera Dama de Colombia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
since 7 August 2010 (2010-08-07)
StyleHer Excellency
(Diplomatic, outside Colombia)
ResidencePalace of Nariño
Inaugural holderMaría Josefa Mosquera y Hurtado
as First Lady of the Gran Colombia
Formation13 June 1830 (1830-06-13)

The First Lady of Colombia (Template:Lang-es) is the unofficial title of the spouse of the sitting President of Colombia.

Current

Since August 2010 the First Lady is María Clemencia Rodríguez Múnera. At present, there are seven living former first ladies: María Cristina Arango Vega, widow of Misael Pastrana Borrero; Cecilia Caballero Blanco, widow of Alfonso López Michelsen; Nydia Quintero Turbay, ex-wife of Julio César Turbay Ayala; Ana Milena Muñoz Gómez, wife of César Gaviria Trujillo; Jacquin Strouss Lucena, wife of Ernesto Samper Pizano; Nohra Puyana Bickenbach, wife of Andrés Pastrana Arango; and Lina María Moreno Mejía, wife of Álvaro Uribe Vélez.

The spouse of the President of Colombia has up until now, always been a woman, and so have been most of the spouses of those who have run for office, with the most recent exception being Noemí Sanín Posada, a Conservative party presidential candidate in the 2002 and 2010 presidential elections, who although unmarried both times, her boyfriend, Javier Aguirre, was given a similar treatment by the media during the campaign as the wives of the rest of the candidates, noting that he would have been the first man to accompany a "presidentress" to the Palace of Nariño.[1][2][3]

History

Manuela Sáenz Aizpuru, mistress of Bolívar, known as the Liberator of the Liberator.

Upon the unequivocal declaration of independence of the consolidated territory of the former Viceroyalty of the New Granada at the Congress of Cúcuta and the ratification of the Constitution, Congress elected General Simón Bolívar Palacios as President of Colombia. Bolívar however, was a widower (his wife María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa died in 1803[4]), had no children, his mother had died,[4] and his sisters resided far away from the capital, leaving no female relations to fulfil any duties that would today be associated with that of the First Lady. Bolívar did however, have a lover, Manuela Sáenz Aizpuru,[5][6] a married woman who was the love of his life, and with whom he lived with despite the conservative views of his time. Therefore, Sáenz served as the unofficial hostess[7] of the residence of Bolívar, the San Carlos Palace, as there was no official presidential palace at the time. Nevertheless, the extent of Sáenz's involvement in the Bolívar household was such that when political enemies of Bolívar broke into the house in an attempt to assassinate the president, she was there and dissuaded Bolívar from confronting his attackers and instead flee through window in their chambers, and although she was vilified during her lifetime, she is now considered a national hero.[5][6][8]

Soledad Román Polanco, 1st First Lady of modern-day Colombia, wife of Rafael Núñez Moledo.

Upon the resignation of Bolívar to the Presidency in 1830, Congress elected Joaquín de Mosquera y Arboleda to succeed Bolívar as the 2nd President of Colombia. Mosquera was married to María Josefa Mosquera y Hurtado, his first cousin,[9] who became the first person to be now considered as the official First Lady of Colombia, that is, of what is now known as Gran Colombia. The first First Lady of present-day Colombia was Soledad Román Polanco, the second wife of Rafael Núñez Moledo. Núñez first came to power in 1880 as President of what it was then known as the United States of Colombia, but when he moved to the capital, his wife Soledad Román stayed behind in their hometown of Cartagena,[10] as their union was heavily criticized by the conservative society and media of the time for Núñez had legally divorced his first wife, María de los Dolores Gallegos Martínez,[10] and married Román in a civil ceremony,[11] but according to canon law they remained married in the eyes of God, and thus Núñez was accused of adultery and Román regarded as his mistress.[10] Román eventually moved to Bogotá when the popularity of her husband rose to the point that most could overlook their union.[10] When the Colombian Constitution of 1886 was ratified, present day Colombia was formed, with Núñez as the 1st President of Colombia, and Román as the 1st First Lady. The couple were eventually able to marry through the Church when Gallegos, Núñez's first wife, died, allowing them to consecrate their already legal union through the Church and in the eyes of the conservative Catholic society.[10] Their wedding took place while Núñez was in office on 23 February 1889.[12]

The use of the title "First Lady" originated in the United States, first mentioned in reference to Dolley Madison, it was later used in other forms until 1877 when it was used in print media to refer to Lucy Webb Hayes, wife of Rutherford B. Hayes. In Colombia, the title was first used in print media in 1833, when the magazine Cromos used it to refer to the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt as First Lady of the United States,[13] by then the term was broadly used in the United States to refer to the wife of the president. The title was first adopted for Colombian use the following year, when on 8 August 1834 Cromos referred to María Michelsen Lombana as "First Lady of Colombia" during the inauguration of her husband, President Alfonso López Michelsen.[13][14]

Role

The position of the First Lady is unofficial, it is not an elected one, carries no official duties, and receives no salary. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in Colombian society. The role of the First Lady has evolved over the years, but she is, first and foremost, the spouse of the President.

For much of history, the spouse of the president, as in the case of most women in Colombia, did not have any sort of real influence or recognition. According to the Constitutional Court of Colombia, the First Lady holds the title of private citizen before the public administration, but it gives the First Lady a further special role, as, being the spouse of the President, the First Lady symbolically embodies, along with the President of the Republic, the idea of national unity in accordance to Article 188 of the 1991 Colombian Constitution.[15]

On 30 December 1968 Congress passed Law 75 of 1968 that created the Colombian Institute for Family Welfare (ICBF); Article 58 stated that "The Presidency of the Institute shall be exercised by the wife of the President...".[16] This was the first instance that legal responsibility was granted to the Office of the First Lady on a permanent basis. This was later modified by Article 25 of Law 7 of 1979 that changed the role of the First Lady in the ICBF: "The board of directors will be presided by the spouse of the President".[17] This resolved a conflict of authority between the similar offices of President (until then the First Lady) and the General Director; also of note was the modified terminology of wife to spouse, introducing the possibility of a future President to be a woman and her spouse to be a man. Law 7 of 1979 allowed the First Lady to remain involved with the ICBF without any specific duties in an ad honorem capacity.

Sentence C-537 of 1993 of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, however, deemed Article 58 Law 7 of 1979 unconstitutional, because it violated the principle of equal opportunity to access positions in public service by creating unjustifiable prerequisites,[15] such as being married to the President. The Court however, clarified that their sentence did not signify the marginalization of the First Lady from political activity, and that she as wife of the President embodied the idea of national unity.[15]

Since then, the First Lady has continued to pursue, at her discretion, humanitarian causes in an ad honorem capacity. Over the course of the 20th century it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. María Teresa Londoño Sáenz led the collection for donations during the Colombia–Peru War,[18] María Michelsen Lombana championed orphans' rights and care,[18][19] Lorenza Villegas Restrepo pioneered public for health care services,[18][19] Bertha Hernández Fernández was a leader of the women's suffrage movement,[18][19] Cecilia de la Fuente Cortés campaigned for the creation of the Institute for Family Welfare,[18][19] Cecilia Caballero Blanco campaigned for legislation that ended the legal discrimination based on the legitimacy of children and their parentage,[18][19] Nydia Quintero Turbay focused on disaster relief and assistance,[19] Ana Milena Muñoz Gómez promoted higher education and culture,[18][19] and Lina María Moreno Mejía led national pregnancy prevention programs in adolescents and promoted sexual and reproductive health rights for women.[19]

Partial list of First Ladies

First Lady Tenure President of Colombia
María Michelsen de López 1934–1938 Alfonso López Pumarejo
Lorenza Villegas Restrepo 1938–1942 Eduardo Santos Montejo
María Michelsen de López 1942–1945 Alfonso López Pumarejo
Bertha Puga Martínez 1945–1946 Alberto Lleras Camargo
Bertha Hernández Fernández 1946–1950 Mariano Ospina Pérez
María Hurtado de Gómez 1950–1951 Laureano Gómez Castro
Clemencia Holguín de Urdaneta 1951–1953 Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez
Carolina Correa Londoño 1953–1957 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
María Felisa Quevedo de París 1957–1958 Gabriel París Gordillo
Bertha Puga Martínez 1958–1962 Alberto Lleras Camargo
Susana López Navia 1962 – 1964 (Died in office) Guillermo León Valencia
Position vacant 1964–1966 Guillermo León Valencia
Cecilia de la Fuente Cortés 1966–1970 Carlos Lleras Restrepo
María Cristina Arango Vega 1970–1974 Misael Pastrana Borrero
Cecilia Caballero Blanco 1974–1978 Alfonso López Michelsen
Nydia Quintero Turbay 1978–1982 Julio César Turbay
Rosa Helena Álvarez Yepes 1982–1986 Belisario Betancur
Carolina Isakson Proctor 1986–1990 Virgilio Barco Vargas
Ana Milena Muñoz Gómez 1990–1994 César Gaviria Trujillo
Jacquin Strouss Lucena 1994–1998 Ernesto Samper Pizano
Nohra Puyana Bickenbach 1998–2002 Andrés Pastrana Arango
Lina María Moreno Mejía 2002–2010 Álvaro Uribe Vélez
María Clemencia Rodríguez Múnera 2010 – present Juan Manuel Santos Calderón

References

  1. ^ "Fórmula amorosa de los candidatos presidenciales". Jet-Set (in Spanish). Bogotá. 2010. ISSN 0123-7918. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  2. ^ "Familias con rumbo a la Casa de Nariño". El Universal (in Spanish). Cartagena, Bolívar. 30 May 2010. ISSN 0122-6843. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  3. ^ Cortés Castillo, Carlos. "Noemí, la política diplomática" (in Spanish). Bogotá. La Silla Vacía. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  4. ^ a b Bushnell, David; Langley, Lester D, eds. (2008). "Simón Bolívar: A Chronology". Simón Bolívar: Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator. Latin American silhouettes. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. xiii. ISBN 9780742556195. OCLC 180907774. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b Berman, Paul (5 April 2013). "Founding Father". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  6. ^ a b Carroll, Rory (1 July 2010). "Simón Bolívar's lover gains heroine status". The Guardian. Caracas. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  7. ^ Triviño Anzola, Consuelo. "Manuela Sáenz, la Libertadora del Libertador" (in Spanish). Madrid: Instituto Cervantes. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  8. ^ Grant, Will (5 July 2010). "Venezuela honours Simon Bolivar's lover Manuela Saenz". Caracas. BBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  9. ^ María Alexandra, Méndez Valencia. "Mosquera, Joaquín". Luis Ángel Arango Library. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e Delpar, Helen (1981). Red Against Blue: The Liberal Party in Colombian Politics, 1863 – 1899. University of Alabama Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780817356156. OCLC 658157817. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  11. ^ Henderson, James D; Delpar, Helen; Brungardt, Maurice Philip; et al., eds. (2000). A Reference Guide to Latin American History. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. p. 507. ISBN 9781563247446. OCLC 41185126. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  12. ^ Castillo Mathieu, Nicolás del (January 1991). "Rafael Núñez, el Regenerador (1825–1894)". Credencial Historia (13). Bogotá. ISSN 0121-3296. OCLC 39236834. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  13. ^ a b Osorio Parras, Zenaida (August 1996). "Primeras Damas: Historia de un Concepto". Credencial Historia (in Spanish) (80). Bogotá. ISSN 0121-3296. OCLC 39236834. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  14. ^ "Damas de Primera: María Michelsen Lombana". Fucsia (in Spanish). Bogotá. 25 August 2010. ISSN 0124-857X. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  15. ^ a b c Colombia, Constitutional Court (1993). "Sentencia No. C-537/93" (in Spanish). Bogotá: Colombia, Constitutional Court. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  16. ^ Colombia, Congress (30 December 1968). "Ley 75 de 1968". Diario Oficial (in Spanish) (32, 682). Bogotá. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  17. ^ Colombia, Congress (24 January 1979). "Ley 7 de 1979". Diario Oficial (in Spanish) (35, 191). Bogotá. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Ríos Peñaloza, Gilma (August 1996). "Primeras Damas del Siglo XX". Credencial Historia (in Spanish) (80). Bogotá. ISSN 0121-3296. OCLC 39236834. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Garzón, Angélica; Santos Molano, Enrique (3 August 2011). "Crónica: Damas de primera". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá. ISSN 0121-9987. OCLC 28894254. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
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