Foettingeriidae

Foettingeriidae
Vampyrophrya pelagica
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Class:	Oligohymenophorea
Order:	Apostomatida
Family:	Foettingeriidae Chatton, 1911
Genera
Foettingeria Caullery & Mesnil, 1903 Gymnodinioides Minkiewicz, 1912 Hyalophysa Bradbury 1966 Pericaryon Chatton, 1911 Spirophrya Chatton & Lwoff, 1924 Terebrospira Vampyrophrya Chatton & Lwoff, 1931

The Foettingeriidae are a family of apostome ciliates of the order Apostomatida. Like other apostomes, they are symbiotic with Crustacea, and live in microbial cysts on their host's exoskeleton for most of their life. They excyst, or leave their cysts, when their hosts molt their exoskeleton in order to feed on the exuvial fluids trapped in their host's molted exoskeleton.

Subfamilies

Genera of the family Foettingeriidae are separated into the exuviotrophs and the histotrophs.

Exuviotrophs

The exuviotrophs are a group of genera of the Foettingeriidae. They only feed on the exuvial fluids trapped in the host's cast-off exoskeleton.

Histotrophs

The histotrophs are another group of foettingeriid genera. Like the exuviotrophs, they feed on exuvial fluids of cast-off exoskeletons. They also excyst after their host dies naturally by injury and feed on the tissue fluids of the host's corpse.

Life cycle

Encysted state

Vampyrophrya pelagica encysted in Bestiolina similis (arrows)

Protozoa of the family Foettingeriidae are called phoronts when they are encysted. While the phoront is encysted, it does not feed. Phoronts are encysted primarily on the gills of crustacea. Phoronts are more likely to be encysted on smaller crustacea than larger crustacea.

Metamorphosis

Phoronts go through metamorphosis to prepare for excystation. Metamorphosis changes the body shape, organization, and physiology of the phoront to allow for rapid ingestion and storage of large amounts of food. Histotrophic phoronts metamorphose within a few hours of encysting on their hosts. Exuviotrophic phoronts can remain dormant for months after encysting and only metamorphose immediately before their hosts molt their exoskeleton.

Engorged state

After the protozoa excysts and feeds, it becomes swollen to thirty times its initial volume. This engorged state is called the trophont.

References

• Bradbury, Phyllis C.; Trager, William (October 1967). "Excystation of apostome ciliates in relation to molting of their crustacean hosts. II. Effect of glycogen" (PDF). Biological Bulletin. 133 (2): 310–6.