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Forrestal-class aircraft carrier

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Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
USS Forrestal, lead ship of her class of supercarriers
USS Forrestal
Class overview
NameForrestal class
Builders
Operators United States Navy
Preceded byTemplate:Sclass-
Succeeded byTemplate:Sclass-
In commission1 October 1955 – 30 September 1998
Completed4
Laid up1
Retired3
General characteristics
TypeAircraft carrier
Displacement60,000 tons[1]
Length1,070 ft (326.1 m) 990 ft (301.7 m) waterline
Beam129 ft 4 in (39.42 m) waterline
Draft35 ft 9 in (10.90 m)
Propulsion
Speed34 knots (63 km/h)
Complement4,378
Armament
Aircraft carriedUp to 90
Aviation facilities326 m × 77 m (1,069 ft 7 in × 252 ft 7 in) flight deck

The Forrestal-class aircraft carriers were four aircraft carriers designed and built for the United States Navy in the 1950s. It was the first class of so-called supercarriers, combining high tonnage, deck-edge elevators and an angled deck. The first ship was commissioned in 1955, the last decommissioned in 1998.

Design

A 1952 design study

The Forrestal class was the first completed class of "supercarriers" of the Navy, so called because of their then-extraordinarily high tonnage (75,000 tons, 25% larger than the post-World War II-era Template:Sclass-), full integration of the angled deck (Forrestal and Saratoga were laid down as axial deck carriers and converted to angled deck ships while under construction; Ranger and Independence were laid down as angled deck ships and had various minor improvements compared to the first two), a very large island and most importantly their extremely strong air wing (80–100 jet aircraft, compared to 65–75 for the Midway class and fewer than 50 for the Template:Sclass-). Compared to the Midway class, the Forrestals were 100 feet (30 m) longer and nearly 20 feet (6 m) wider abeam, resulting in a far more stable and comfortable aircraft platform even in very rough weather. When commissioned, the Forrestal-class ships had the roomiest hangar decks and largest flight decks of any carrier ever built. Because of their immense size they were built to a new, deep-hulled design that incorporated the armored flight deck[2][3] into the hull (previous American design practice was to design the flight deck as superstructure). This was a very similar structural design as used on British "armored" carriers, and grew out of the requirement for such a very large carrier, because carrying the strength deck at the flight deck level produced a stronger and lighter hull.[4] The Midway-class ships sat very low in the water and were poor sea boats through their long careers; they were very wet forward and their aviation characteristics were poor. The deeper Forrestal hull allowed the ships more freeboard and better seakeeping. The Forrestal-class carriers, like the Midway class that preceded it, were designed with armored flight decks.[5][6][7][8]

1962 deck plan of the Forrestal class, showing the port side elevator at the forward end of the angled deck, in the path of both aircraft being launched from the waist catapults, and aircraft being recovered; and the arrangement of the starboard elevators, with only one forward of the island serving the two forward catapults.
Saratoga (top) cruising with Kitty Hawk class John F. Kennedy; note the arrangement of the elevators.

Forrestal-class ships were the first examples of supercarriers and thus not quite a perfected design; their elevators in particular were badly arranged for aircraft handling. The portside elevator, a relic of the original axial-deck design, was especially poorly suited, as it was located at the fore end of the angled deck, in the landing path as well as the launch path of aircraft from the #3 and #4 catapults. The subsequent Template:Sclass- moved the portside elevator to the aft end of the angle and reversed the position of the island and the second starboard elevator, vastly improving aircraft handling. The sponson-mounted guns suffered from poor range and complicated firing arcs, and were located in very wet and thus nearly useless positions in the bow and stern. They were removed after only a few years and were later replaced by missiles and much later by close-in weapon systems (CIWS). The aft guns in Forrestal lasted until the fire in 1967, then were removed and eventually replaced by missiles in the mid-70s.

The original design of the Forrestal-class ships would have had a very small, retractable island; this design had numerous problems (the mechanism to raise and lower the island was never perfected before the angled deck was added to the design) and smoke fouling of the deck was expected to be a severe problem due to lack of adequate venting. The redesign to an angled deck allowed a very large island, much larger than on previous carriers, giving unprecedented flexibility and control in air operations.

In the late 1990s, the US offered Brazil a Forrestal-class carrier, but the offer was declined on the grounds of significant operating costs; Brazil instead received from France the aircraft carrier Foch, which was renamed São Paulo.[9]

All four ships have been struck from the Naval Vessel Register. Although one, ex-Ranger, had at one time been on donation hold as a potential museum ship, as of January 2016 it and two others have been dismantled, with the fourth's scrapping said to be imminent.

Ships in class

Name Builder Ordered Laid Down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate Source
Forrestal Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., Newport News 12 July 1951 14 July 1952 11 December 1954 1 October 1955 11 September 1993 Broken up at Brownsville, 2014 [10]
Saratoga New York Naval Shipyard, New York City 23 July 1952 16 December 1952 8 October 1955 14 April 1956 20 August 1994 Broken up at Brownsville, 2014 [11]
Ranger Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., Newport News 1 February 1954 2 August 1954 29 September 1956 10 August 1957 10 July 1993 Broken up at Brownsville, 2015
Independence New York Naval Shipyard, New York City 2 July 1954 1 July 1955 6 June 1958 10 January 1959 30 September 1998 To be towed to Brownsville for scrapping
  • USS Forrestal
    USS Forrestal
  • USS Saratoga
    USS Saratoga
  • USS Ranger
    USS Ranger
  • USS Independence
    USS Independence
  • Forrestal (left) and Saratoga (right) laid up awaiting disposal at NS Newport in 2003
    Forrestal (left) and Saratoga (right) laid up awaiting disposal at NS Newport in 2003

References

Public Domain This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

  1. ^ Donald, David; Daniel J. March (2001). Carrier Aviation Air Power Directory. Norwalk, Connecticut: AIRtime Publishing. ISBN 1-880588-43-9.
  2. ^ "USS Forrestal (CVA-59)". virtualwall.org. Retrieved 4 May 2016. "Over a dozen 1,000 and 500 pound bombs detonated within the first few minutes of the fire, punching holes through the 3" armor plating of the flight deck.
  3. ^ Cracknell, W.H, Warship Profile 15, USS Enterprise (CVAN 65) Nuclear Attack Carrier, p.56: "The main armor carried on Enterprise is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on Enterprise's flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World War II when all its carriers had only armored hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."
  4. ^ Friedman, Norman. U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Naval Institute Press. p. 250. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
  5. ^ "CV-59 FORRESTAL class". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 4 May 2016. As the first aircraft carrier designed specifically for jet aircraft, she featured an armored flight deck.
  6. ^ "Forrestal class attack aircraft carriers". hazegrey.org. Retrieved 4 May 2016. Armor: hangar, flight deck and magazines protected
  7. ^ "Forrestal Class". nationalcoldwarexhibition.org. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  8. ^ USS Forrestal Memorial (CVA/CV/AVT-59) July 29, 1967: "The explosions tore large holes in the armored flight deck..." [dead link]
  9. ^ Schleiffert, Rob; Rodenburg, Corne (1 September 2003). "Sao Paulo rules the waves". Naval Aviation News. Retrieved 24 June 2015 – via HighBeam Research. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Departure time set for USS Forrestal". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  11. ^ "Navy pays 1 cent to scrap ex-carrier Saratoga". Navy Times. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014. [dead link]
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