Fritz Haarmann

Fritz Haarmann
Fritz Haarmann (centre) with police detectives, November 1924
Born	Friedrich Heinrich Karl Haarmann (1879-10-25)October 25, 1879 Hanover, Germany
Died	April 15, 1925(1925-04-15) (aged 45)
Cause of death	Decapitation by guillotine
Other names	The Butcher of Hannover, The Vampire of Hanover
Conviction(s)	Murder
Criminal penalty	Death
Details
Victims	24-27
Span of crimes	September 25, 1918 – June 14, 1924
Country	Germany
State(s)	Lower Saxony
Date apprehended	June 22, 1924

Friedrich Heinrich Karl "Fritz" Haarmann (October 25, 1879 – April 15, 1925), also known as the Butcher of Hanover and the Vampire of Hanover was a German serial killer who is believed to have been responsible for the murder of 27 boys and young men between 1918 and 1924. He was convicted, found guilty of 24 murders and executed.

Early life

Fritz Haarmann was born in Hanover in 1879, the sixth child of poor parents. Haarmann was a quiet child who shunned many boys' activities such as sports and preferred to play with his sisters' toys. He was also a poor scholar. At the age of 16, at the urging of his parents, Haarmann enrolled in a military academy at Neu Breisach. He initially adapted to military life, and performed well as a training soldier. After just one year in the academy, however, he began to suffer seizures and was discharged for medical reasons.

Haarmann returned to Hanover and took employment in a cigar factory. He was arrested in 1898 for molesting children, but a psychologist declared Haarmann was mentally unfit to stand trial, and he was sent to a mental institution indefinitely. Six months later, Haarmann escaped and fled to Switzerland, where he worked for two years before he returned to Germany. He again enlisted in the military, this time under an alias, but in 1902, he was again discharged under medical terms. He was awarded a full military pension and returned to live with his family and took employment in the small business his father had established. After an argument with his father, Ollie, led to a violent fight between them, Haarmann was arrested, charged with assault and again sent for psychiatric evaluation. This time, a doctor did not diagnose Haarmann as mentally unstable. A court discharged Haarmann and he again returned to live with his family. Shortly afterwards, Haarmann attempted to open a small shop, but the business soon went bankrupt.

Criminal career

For the next decade, Haarmann lived as a petty thief, burglar and con artist. He was frequently arrested and served several short prison sentences. He gradually began to establish a relationship with Hanover police as an informer, largely as a means of redirecting the attention of the police from himself, and later admitted that the police began to view him as a reliable source of information regarding Hanover's criminal network.

In 1914, Haarmann was convicted of a series of thefts and frauds and was imprisoned just as World War I began. Upon his release in 1918, he was struck by the poverty of the German Nation as a result of the loss the nation had suffered in the Great War. The country was bankrupt. Fritz Haarmann immediately reverted to the criminal life he had lived before he was arrested in 1914. The new state of Germany provided him with even more opportunities to operate on the fringes of the criminal network, and because of the increase in crime as a result of the poverty the nation was enduring, police again began to rely on Haarmann as an informer.

Murders

Detectives search a stove inside Haarmann's apartment

Between 1918 and 1924, Haarmann committed at least 24 murders, although he is suspected of murdering a minimum of 27. Haarmann's first known victim was a 17-year-old youth named Friedel Rothe. When Rothe disappeared in September 1918, his friends told police he was last seen with Haarmann. Under pressure from Rothe's family, police raided Haarmann's apartment, where they found their informer in the company of a semi-naked teenage boy. They charged Haarmann with sexual assault, and he was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. Haarmann avoided serving his sentence throughout 1919, and during this time, met a young runaway named Hans Grans, who was subsequently to become his lover.

Haarmann served his nine months' imprisonment between March and December 1920. Again, he regained the trust of the police and became an informer. Shortly after his release, Haarmann moved into a new apartment: number 27 Cellerstraße. Shortly afterwards, Hans Grans moved into Haarmann's apartment.

Detectives point towards the entrance to Haarmann's apartment

Haarmann's subsequent victims largely consisted of young male commuters, runaways and, occasionally, male prostitutes who hung around Hanover's central railway station, whom Haarmann would lure back to his apartment and then kill by biting through their throats, sometimes while sodomizing them. All of Haarmann's victims were dismembered before they were discarded, usually in the river Leine. The possessions of several victims were either sold on the black market or retained by either Haarmann or his younger lover, Hans Grans. Rumour also had it that Haarmann would peddle meat from the bodies of his victims as canned black market pork. Although no physical evidence was ever produced to confirm this, Haarmann was known to be an active trader in contraband meat.

Haarmann's accomplice and live-in partner, Hans Grans, sold the possessions of several of the victims cheaply on the black market, and kept other possessions for himself, and Haarmann initially claimed that although Grans knew of many of his murders, and personally urged him to kill two of the victims so he could obtain their clothing and personal possessions, was otherwise not involved in the murders.

Police photo of Haarmann's bedroom

Haarmann was eventually apprehended when numerous skeletal remains, which he had dumped into the river Leine, washed up downstream in May and June 1924. The police decided to drag the river and discovered more than 500 human bones which were later confirmed as having come from at least 22 separate human individuals. Suspicion quickly fell upon Haarmann, who had convictions for molesting children and had been connected to the disappearance of Friedel Rothe in 1918. Haarmann was placed under surveillance and on the night of 22 June, was observed prowling Hanover's railway station. He was quickly arrested after trying to lure a boy to his apartment. His apartment was searched and the walls were found to be heavily bloodstained. Haarmann tried to explain this as a by-product of his illegal trade as a butcher. However, clothing and personal items known to be possessions of several missing youths were also found in his home. Under interrogation, Haarmann quickly confessed to raping, killing and butchering young men since 1918. When asked how many he had killed, Haarmann claimed "somewhere between 50 and 70". The police, however, could only connect Haarmann with the disappearance of 27 youths, and he was charged with 27 murders. It is interesting to note that only a quarter of the personal items found in his apartment were identified as having belonged to any of the victims.

Trial

Fritz Haarmann being led into court in December 1924

Fritz Haarmann's trial began on 4 December 1924. Haarmann was charged with the murder of 27 boys and young men who had disappeared between 1918 and June that year. The trial was spectacular; it was one of the first major media events in Germany. The term "serial killer" had not yet been coined, and the public and press were at a loss for words to describe the case; Haarmann was simultaneously referred to as the "werewolf", a "vampire", and "The Wolf Man". Apart from the cruelty of what Haarmann had admittedly done, even more scandalous - shaking German society to the core - was the involvement of the police in the case: Haarmann was a police informant who frequently gave up other criminals to investigators; until Haarmann was arrested, it had never occurred to police that the serial killer they were looking for was well-known to them and right under their nose, even though some of the victims were last seen in his company.

Haarmann (seated in front of chalkboard sketch of his apartment), during his trial in 1924

The trial lasted barely two weeks. On 19 December, Haarmann was found guilty of 24 of the 27 murders and sentenced to death. He was acquitted of three murders which he denied, even though the personal possessions of the boys were either in his possession or acquaintances of his at the time of his arrest. Haarmann made no appeal against the verdict.

Haarmann was beheaded by guillotine on April 15, 1925. His last words before he was beheaded were: "I repent, but I do not fear death."

Aftermath

The communal grave of Haarmann's victims

Hans Grans was initially found guilty of enticement to murder in the case of Adolf Hannappel, a 17-year-old apprentice carpenter who vanished from Hanover's railway station on November 11, 1923. Witnesses had seen Grans, in the company of Haarmann, pointing to Hannappel, Haarmann claimed this was one of two murders committed upon the insistence of Grans and for this reason, Grans was sentenced to death. The discovery of a letter from Haarmann declaring Grans's innocence later led to a second trial and a 12-year prison sentence for Grans. After serving his sentence, Hans Grans continued to live in Hanover until his death in 1975.

The remains of Haarmann's victims were buried together in a communal grave in Stöckener Cemetery in February 1925. In April 1928, a large granite memorial in the form of a triptych, inscribed with the names and ages of the victims, was erected over the communal grave.

After his execution, Haarmann's head was preserved in a jar by scientists to examine the structure of his brain. Haarmann's head is now kept at the Göttingen medical school.

The case stirred much discussion in Germany about the death penalty, the correct approach towards mentally ill offenders, police investigation methods, and homosexuality.

Victims

Name	Age	Date of disappearance	Notes
Friedel Rothe	17	September 25, 1918	Haarmann claimed to have buried Rothe in Stöckener cemetery
Fritz Franke	17	February 12, 1923	Franke was initially from Berlin
Wilhelm Schulze	17	March 20, 1923	Schulze was an apprentice writer
Roland Huch	16	May 23, 1923	Student. Vanished from Hanover railway station
Hans Sonnenfeld	19	May, 1923	A runaway from the town of Limmer
Ernst Ehrenberg	13	June 25, 1923	Disappeared whilst running an errand for his parents
Heinrich Struß	18	August 24, 1923	Haarmann was in possession of Struß' violin case when arrested
Paul Bronischewski	17	September 24, 1923	Vanished on his way to visit his Uncle
Richard Gräf	17	September, 1923	Disappeared after telling his friends a detective from Hanover had found him a job
Wilhelm Erdner	16	October 12, 1923	Disappeared from Hanover station. Haarmann sold Erdner's bicycle
Hermann Wolf	15	October 24 or 25, 1923	The victims clothes were traced to Haarmann and his acquaintances
Heinz Brinkmann	13	October 27, 1923	Vanished from Hanover station after missing his train home to Clausthal
Adolf Hannappel	17	November 11, 1923	An apprentice. Witnesses saw Haarmann approach Hannappel.
Adolf Hennies	19	December 6, 1923	Hennies disappeared whilst looking for work in Hanover
Ernst Spiecker	17	January 5, 1924	Disappeared on his way to appear as a witness at a trial
Heinrich Koch	20	January 15, 1924	Koch was known to be an acquaintance of Haarmann
Willi Senger	19	February 2, 1924	The victim's clothes were found in Haarmann's apartment after his arrest
Hermann Speichert	16	February 8, 1924	An electrical apprentice
Alfred Hogrefe	16	April 6, 1924	An apprentice mechanic. All Hogrefe's clothes were traced to Haarmann or Grans
Hermann Bock	22	April, 1924	Bock was last seen by his friends walking towards Haarmann's apartment
Wilhelm Apel	16	April 17, 1924	Disappeared on his way to work
Robert Witzel	18	April 26, 1924	Haarman admitted dumping Witzel's remains in the river Leine
Heinrich Martin	14	May 9, 1924	An apprentice locksmith. Martin disappeared from Hanover station
Fritz Wittig	17	May 26, 1924	Haarmann insisted Grans ordered him to commit both this murder and the murder of Hannappel
Friedrich Abeling	10	May 26, 1924	The youngest victim. Remains dumped in the river Leine
Friedrich Koch	16	June 5, 1924	Vanished on his way to College. Koch was last seen in the company of Haarmann
Erich de Vries	17	June 14, 1924	Haarmann led police to Erich's remains after his arrest

In film

Poster of Fritz Lange's 1931 film M

The case of Fritz Haarmann has been the inspiration for at least three films. The classic film M, which starred Peter Lorre and was released in 1931 and directed by Fritz Lang was inspired by the crimes of Fritz Haarmann, as well as those of two other infamous German serial killers of the early twentieth century: Düsseldorf child killer Peter Kürten and Carl Großmann.

The film The Tenderness of the Wolves (Die Zärtlichkeit der Wölfe), released in July 1973, was directly based upon Haarmann's crimes. The film, directed by Ulli Lommel, cast Kurt Raab as Haarmann. German film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder produced the film and also appeared in a minor role as Wittkowski.

The most recent film to be based upon Haarmann's murder spree, Der Totmacher (The Deathmaker), was released in 1995. This film starred Götz George as Haarmann. This film focuses on the records of the psychiatric examinations of Haarmann by Erich Schultze, one of the main psychiatric experts in the trial. The plot of Der Totmacher centers around Haarmann's interrogation after his arrest, as he is being interviewed by a court psychiatrist.

In other media

In 2007, the Hannover Tourism Board (Hannover Tourismus) caused controversy by including Haarmann in its cartoon-style advertising calendar, along with other well-known people from the city. The calendar became a best-seller, and the initial print run of 20,000 calendars was expected to run out in November 2007, rather than lasting through Christmas as planned. Allegedly, Haarmann had also featured in the 2006 issue, but the inclusion drew no attention at the time. The 2008 calendar included a new picture of Haarmann in handcuffs.

Kim Newman included Haarmann as a minor character in his 1995 novel The Bloody Red Baron, serving as a "batman" (military servant) to Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron".

Beton Kopf Media, the record label behind German electro-industrial project :Wumpscut:, uses a picture of Haarmann as company logo.

Margit Sandemo opted to use Haarmann for the villainous Lynx in her Isfolket book series.

Haarmann has also been the subject of the song "Fritz Haarman [sic] Der Metzger" ("Fritz Haarman the butcher") by death/thrash metal band Macabre.

In the novel Black House by Stephen King and Peter Straub, Haarmann is mentioned as having been possessed by Mr. Munshun (an agent of the Crimson King).

Mentioned as an example of notorious serial killers in the Alfred Hitchcock Hour, 'Don't Look Behind You', Season 1, Episode 2, 9/27/1962.

See also

• Karl Denke
• Carl Großmann
• Peter Kürten

Bibliography

• Matthias Blazek: Haarmann und Grans. Der Fall, die Beteiligten und die Presseberichterstattung. ibidem, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-89821-967-9
• Kerstin Brückweh: Mordlust. Serienmorde, Gewalt und Emotionen im 20. Jahrhundert. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main and New York 2006, ISBN 978-3-593-38202-9
• Thomas Kailer: „… der höllischen Ausgeburt den Kopf vor die Füße legen …“ Zur Psychologie der strafenden Gesellschaft. Der Fall Haarmann. In: Von der Polizei der Obrigkeit zum Dienstleister für öffentliche Sicherheit. Festschrift zum 100. Gebäudejubiläum des Polizeipräsidiums Hannover 1903-2003. Ed. by Hans-Joachim Heuer a. o., Hilden 2003, p. 69-88
• Kathrin Kompisch: Der Fall Fritz Haarmann (1924). In: Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter, N.F., ed. 55-56 (2001-2002), p. 97-116
• Theodor Lessing: Haarmann. Die Geschichte eines Werwolfs und andere Gerichtsreportagen. Ed. and introduced by Rainer Marwedel, Luchterhand, Frankfurt am Main 1989 (first: Berlin 1925), ISBN 3-630-61865-0
• Christine Pozsár; Michael Farin (Ed.): Die Haarmann-Protokolle. Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1995. ISBN 3-499-60163-X
• Friedhelm Werremeier: Haarmann. Der Schlächter von Hannover. Die grauenvollen Verbrechen des berüchtigten Serienmörders. Heyne, München 1995, ISBN 3-453-08907-3 (first: Köln 1992 as: Haarmann – Nachruf auf einen Werwolf, ISBN 3-8025-2232-X)
• Monsters of Weimar – The Stories of Fritz Haarmann and Peter Kürten by Theodor Lessing, Karl Berg, George Godwin. Secondary Texts (Nemesis True Crime), Nemesis Publications, London 1992, ISBN 1-897743-10-6

References

• Tatar, Maria (1995). Lustmord. Sexual Murder in Weimar Germany. Princeton UP.
• Kailer, Thomas (Berlin 2003, p. 323-359.). Lustmord. Werwölfe, Triebtäter, minderwertige Psychopathen – Bedingungen von Wissenspopularisierung: Der Fall Haarmann. Carsten Kretschmann: Wissenspopularisierung. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
• The World's Most Infamous Crimes and Criminals. New York: Gallery Books, 1987, ISBN 0-8317-9677-4.

External links

• Fritz Haarmann: The Butcher of Hannover - The Crime Library
• A Most Vicious Vampire - The Crime Library
• Template:De icon ROSA RAUSCHEN: Persönlichkeiten von schwulem Interesse – Fritz Haarmann
• Template:De icon Matthias Blazek: "Haarmann-Affäre: Delegation aus Berlin zu Gast in Hannover" (Berlin police in Hannover because of the Haarman case)