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From the river to the sea

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Not to be confused with From sea to shining sea.
Map showing Israel and the Palestinian Territories as outlined by the Oslo Accords. The Jordan River is on the right, and the Mediterranean Sea is on the left.

"From the river to the sea" (Arabic: من النهر إلى البحر, romanized: min an-nahr ’ilā l-baḥr or in Palestinian Arabic: من المياه للمياه, min al-mayeh lil-mayeh) is a political slogan and phrase that is associated with Palestinian nationalism. The slogan refers geographically to the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, which currently includes the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories: the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.[1][2] Multiple Jewish organizations, including the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League, have cited the phrase as anti-semitic hate speech.[3][4] Others see it as a non-violent call for a one-state solution with equal rights for all.[5][6]

Political groups have employed the slogan since the 1960s to advocate for Palestinian liberation, with origins in the Palestinian National Council's initial charters, which demanded a Palestinian state geographically encompassing the historic boundaries of Mandatory Palestine, and a removal of a majority of its Jewish population.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Though the official Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) demand was later effectively withdrawn as part of the Oslo accords,[15][16][17] the slogan's meaning remains contentious, with some groups insisting it remains a call for the dismantling of the Jewish state.[18][19][20][14]

Conversely, the slogan has come to be interpreted by some as advocating for a democratic state of Palestine encompassing what is today Israel and the Palestinian territories, where individuals of all religions would have equal citizenship.[1][21][22] Others have said it stands for "the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people."[23][24]

The slogan has been used by militant groups, such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, that have vowed to destroy Israel. It is regarded by many to be antisemitic or hate speech, suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination, or advocates for their removal or extermination.[18][19][25][26][27] It has also come under scrutiny in Austria;[28] Germany; the Netherlands;[29] the United Kingdom, where it has been proposed to classify its usage as a criminal offense;[1][27][30][31][32] and the United States.[33]

Usage

Background

The phrase was popularised in the 1960s as part of a wider call for Palestinian liberation creating a democratic state freeing Palestinians from oppression from Israeli as well as from other Arab regimes such as Jordan and Egypt.[34][35]

The phrase was adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization upon its founding in 1964 and was seen as a call for returning to the borders under British control of Palestine.[36] The phrase continues to be used by the PLO with the meaning shifting after the 1988 Algiers Declaration to "establishing a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders."

The phrase has been linked to Hamas since their founding in 1988 with their founding charter seeking "to confront the Zionist invasion and defeat it", however the phrase did not feature in Hamas's official positions until 2017.[37] The first usage of the phrase was as part of it's 2017 revised platform where they state "Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea [...] along the lines of the 4th of June 1967".[38][39][36]

By contrast, the phrase was used by the Israeli ruling Likud party as part of their 1977 platform which stated "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty" and does not recognise the right for a Palestinian state to exist.[40][22][41][42][43]

Use by Militant Groups

"From the river to the sea" has been adopted by several jihadist militant groups, Islamic fundamentalist groups, and terrorist organizations in the Near East and Middle East.[31][26] Hamas, as part of its revised 2017 charter, rejected “any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea", referring to all areas of former Mandatory Palestine and by extent, the elimination of Jewish sovereignty in the region.[26][44][45] Islamic Jihad declared that "from the river to the sea — [Palestine] is an Arab Islamic land that [it] is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize.[19] Islamic supporters have utilized a version stating "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea", with certain Islamic scholars declaring that the Mahdi — a redemptive apocalyptic figure central to Islamic eschatology — will declare "Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim."[46][47]

Civic Usage

The slogan has been used widely in pro-Palestinian protest movements.[48] It has often been chanted at pro-Palestinian demonstrations, usually followed or preceded by the phrase "Palestine will be free".[49][50][51] Interpretations differ amongst supporters of the slogan. Civic figures, activists, and progressive publications have said that it calls for a one-state solution, a single, secular state in all of historic Palestine where people of all religions have equal citizenship.[52] This stands in contrast to the Two-state solution, which envisions a Palestinian state existing alongside a Jewish state.[21][23][53][54] This usage has been described as speaking out for the right of Palestinians "to live freely in the land from the river to the sea", with Palestinian writer Yousef Munayyer describing the phrase as "a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination."[55] Others have said it stands for "the equal freedom and dignity of the Palestinian people."[23][24]

Criticism

Pro-Palestinian rally in Columbus, Ohio, 12 October 2023

The phrase has been claimed by some politicians and advocacy groups, such as the Anti-Defamation League[56] and American Jewish Committee, to be antisemitic, hate speech and incitement to genocide,[31][18][25] suggesting that it denies the right of Jews for self-determination in their ancestral homeland, or advocates for their removal or extermination.[30][26][27][57] Such critics of the slogan claim that it has been explicitly used to call for the land to be placed entirely under Arab rule at the cost of the State of Israel and its Jewish citizens.[58][20][14] [19] The usage of this phrase has had the effect of making some members of the Jewish community or people affiliated with Israel feel ostracized and unsafe.[26][59]

Palestinian-American writers such as Yousef Munayyer and University of Arizona professor Maha Nassar have suggested that such a persuasive definition relies on racist and Islamophobic assumptions.[53][60]

On International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People in 2018, American academic Marc Lamont Hill made a speech at the United Nations ending with the words: "...we have an opportunity, to not just offer solidarity in words, but to commit to political action, grassroots action, local action, and international action that will give us what justice requires. And that is a free Palestine, from the river to the sea."[61] The ADL accused Hill of using the phrase "from the river to the sea" as code for the destruction of Israel.[62] Hill was then fired from his position as a political commentator for CNN.[62][63]

On 30 October 2023, British Member of Parliament Andy McDonald was suspended from the Labour Party after stating in a pro-Palestine rally speech: "We won't rest until we have justice, until all people, Israelis and Palestinians, between the river and the sea can live in peaceful liberty". The party described McDonald's comment as "deeply offensive".[64][65]

As of 1 November 2023, the UK Football Association barred the use of the slogan by its players, stating they made clear to teams "that this phrase is considered offensive to many” and that the league will seek police guidance on how [they] should treat it and respond" if players are found to have used it.[66]

On 7 November 2023, United States Representative Rashida Tlaib was censured by the House of Representatives in part for using the slogan, which Tlaib defended as "an aspirational call for freedom, human rights and peaceful coexistence, not death, destruction or hate". Before the vote, House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries said the phrase was "widely understood as calling for the complete destruction of Israel".[67] On 8 November 2023, the White House condemned Tlaib for using the phrase. “When it comes to the phrase that was used, ‘from the river to the sea,’ it is divisive, it is hurtful, many find it hurtful and many find it antisemitic,” said White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre.[68]

Criminalization

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, British home secretary Suella Braverman proposed criminalizing the slogan in certain contexts.[69] On 11 October 2023, Vienna police banned a pro-Palestinian demonstration, citing the inclusion of the phrase "from the river to the sea" in invitations, which it said was a violation of Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[27][70]

A majority of the Dutch parliament declared the phrase to be a call for violence. However the judiciary refused to prosecute on these grounds stating the phrase ‘to relate to the state of Israel and possibly to people with Israeli citizenship, but does not relate to Jews because of their race or religion’. The decision was later upheld by the Dutch Court of Appel.[71].[29]

Politicians in Austria and Germany have also considered classifying use of the phrase a criminal offense, with Austrian chancellor Karl Nehammer suggesting that the phrase could be interpreted as a call for murder.[28][32]

References

  1. ^ a b c "The culture war over the Gaza war". The Economist. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  2. ^ Stripling, Jack (31 December 2023). "Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  3. ^ "Allegation: "From the River to the Sea Palestine Will be Free" | ADL". www.adl.org. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  4. ^ ""From the River to the Sea" | #TranslateHate | AJC". www.ajc.org. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  5. ^ ""From the River to the Sea" Is a Call for Democracy and Equality". jacobin.com. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  6. ^ "What Do Palestinians Want?". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  7. ^ "The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council". Yale Law School THE AVALON PROJECT. Yale Law School. 1–17 July 1968. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Article 2: Palestine, with the boundaries it had during the British Mandate, is an indivisible territorial unit...Article 6:The Jews who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist invasion will be considered Palestinians.
  8. ^ Rotenberg, Marc (February 1980). "The Palestinian Charter: An Obstacle to Peace?". Harvard International Review. 2 (5): 8–10. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Major General Shlomo Gazit, the overseer for the occupied territories between 1967 and 1974, also cites the Palestinian Covenant as an obstacle to negotiation with the Palestinians. He stated that a precondition to a peace settlement would be "an explicit, declared change of the Palestinian Covenant. You cannot say, 'I am prepared to make peace with Israel,' holding this charter which states that Israel has no right of existence. that it must disappear, and that we want to establish a Palestinian state where only Jews living there before 1917 have the right of residence. This is impossible.
  9. ^ "Fatah leader: Armed struggle is the perfect choice to uproot the occupation". Qudspress.net. Quds Press. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2023. ‎وأشار المقدح لـ"قدس برس" اليوم الخميس، إلى أن أبو عمار "استدرك بعد توقيع اتفاق أوسلو ( 13 أيلول/ سبتمبر 1993) بسنة؛ أنه لا جدوى من المفاوضات مع هذا المحتل، ولا خيار للمواجهة سوى خيار المقاومة، لذلك قام بدعم قوى وفصائل المقاومة الفلسطينية؛ ومن (حماس) و(الجهاد الإسلامي)، وغيرهما من الفصائل". ‎وأكد أن "انطلاقة حركة فتح التي أسسها الشهيد ياسر عرفات، هدفت إلى تحرير كامل التراب الوطني الفلسطيني، من النهر إلى البحر. [Al-Maqdah pointed to Quds Press on Thursday, that Abu Ammar "took, after the signing of the Oslo Agreement (September 13, 1993) a year; that there is no point in negotiations with this occupier, and there is no option to confront except the option of resistance, so he supported the Palestinian resistance forces and factions; and from (Hamas), (Islamic Jihad), and other factions." He stressed that "the launch of the Fatah movement, founded by the martyr Yasser Arafat, aimed to liberate the entire Palestinian national territory, from the river to the sea."]
  10. ^ Shemesh, Moshe (Summer 2003). "Did Shuqayri Call for "Throwing the Jews into the Sea"?". Israel Studies. 8 (2). Indiana University Press: 72. JSTOR 30247797. Retrieved 5 November 2023. The source of the accusation against Shuqayri came from an announcement he made at a press conference in East Jerusalem on June 2, 1967, after stopping off in Amman on the way back from Cairo in King Hussein's plane (Hussein left for Cairo on May 30 and returned the same day). According to the Lebanese daily Al-Yawm (3 June 1967), Shuqayri was asked what would happen to the citizens of Israel if the Arabs won the war. His answer: "We will endeavor to assist [the Jews] and facilitate their departure by sea to their countries of origin." Regarding the fate of Israeli-born Jews, he replied: "Whoever survives will stay in Filastin, but in my opinion no one will remain alive."
  11. ^ Kuperwasser, Yosef; Lipner, Shalom (2011). "The Problem is Palestinian Rejectionism – Why the PA Must Recognize a Jewish State". Foreign Affairs. 90: 2. The Palestinians have in fact not recognized the legitimacy of the national rights of the Jewish People,
  12. ^ Karsh, Efraim (October 2004). Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. Grove Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8021-4158-3. If Israel does not recognize the establishment of a Palestinian State with East Jerusalem as [its] capital" he said "there would be not be any decision to cancel the clauses of the charter calling for the liberation of all of Palestine.
  13. ^ Meighan, Katherine W. (1993–1994). "The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles: Prelude to a Peace". Virginia Journal of International Law. 34: 435. Detailed accord outlining the Israeli recognition of the PLO and transfer of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho to the PLO in exchange for PLO recognition of Israel and alteration of PLO's charter.
  14. ^ a b c Trigano, Shmuel (2019). "Deconstructing the Three Stages of the Nakba Myth". Jewish Political Studies Review. 30 (3/4): 45–54. ISSN 0792-335X. Meanwhile the endeavor to exterminate the Jews and destroy the state
  15. ^ Ragionieri, Rodolfo (July 1997). "THE PEACE PROCESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS". International Journal of Peace Studies. 2 (2 – Peace Building in Fractionated Societies: Conceptual Approaches and Cultural Specificities). International Peace Research Association (IPRA): 49–65. Retrieved 5 November 2023. A further problem within the nationalist camp is represented by the revision of the Palestinian National Covenant. In the letter that Arafat wrote before the signing of the Declaration of Principles, he undertook to amend those parts of the Palestinian National Covenant calling for the destruction of the state of Israel or any reference denying the legitimate right of existence of the Jewish state. The Oslo 2 Agreements confirmed (XXXI, 9) this pledge, and stated a two-month term from the inauguration of the Palestinian National Council. There is no real objection to the change of the Covenant, or to the adoption of a new covenant, because it is universally acknowledged that the text of the Covenant, adopted on May 28, 1964, is outdated. Everybody knows that the declarations adopted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC) in Algiers, on November 15, 1988, which recognized the terms of the UN Resolution 242, implied the recognition of Israel and practically superseded the National Covenant. Thus, the criticism points, as usual, to the lack of democracy and to the fact that the change is not a result of free intra-Palestinian discussion, but the outcome of Israeli and American pressures.
  16. ^ Rothstein, Robert; Ma'oz, Moshe; Shikaki, Khalil (2015). Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Liverpool University Press. p. 74. At the beginning of February 2001, one hundred Palestinian personalities, including members of the Palestinian Authority's Executive Council and members of the PNC, met in Cairo under the chairmanship of the Speaker of the PNC, Saleem Za'nun. The participants decided to establish a National Independence Authority under the PNC. They passed several resolutions, one of which maintained that "the Palestinian National Covenant was still in force, because the PNC had not been convened for the purpose of approving changes in the Covenant and, especially, since the legal committee that should prepare the changes had not been set up.
  17. ^ Patterson, David (1 June 2011). "How Anti-Semitism Prevents Peace". Middle East Quarterly. PLO's phased strategy, which gives the illusion of peace without renouncing its goal of Jewish extermination
  18. ^ a b c Malik, Kenan (23 May 2021). "From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2023. "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free," runs a Palestinian slogan. Originally a call for a secular state in historic Palestine between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean, it soon became a sectarian slogan, deeply inflected by antisemitism. In the hands of Hamas, it is a call for the driving out of all Jews from the region; at best, a demand for ethnic cleansing, at worst for genocide.
  19. ^ a b c d "Islamic Jihad Movement". AlJazeera.net. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 October 2023. الالتزام بأن فلسطين -من النهر إلى البحر- أرض إسلامية عربية يحرم شرعا التفريط في أي شبر منها، والوجود الإسرائيلي في فلسطين وجود باطل، يحرم شرعا الاعتراف به. [The commitment that Palestine - from the river to the sea - is an Arab Islamic land that is legally forbidden from abandoning any inch of it, and the Israeli presence in Palestine is a null existence, which is forbidden by law to recognize it.]
  20. ^ a b Muslih, Muhammad (1 July 1990). "Towards Coexistence: An Analysis of the Resolutions of the Palestine National Council". Journal of Palestine Studies. 19 (4): 3–29. doi:10.2307/2537386. ISSN 0377-919X. PLO and its leaders remained at bottom committed to Israel's destruction
  21. ^ a b Zhang, Jane (29 October 2023). "What does 'From the river to the sea' mean to Palestinians, Jews?". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  22. ^ a b Kelley 2019: "The Likud Party's founding charter reinforces this vision in its statement that "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty."... During the mid-1960s, the PLO embraced the slogan, but it meant something altogether different from the Zionist vision of Jewish colonization. Instead, the 1964 and 1968 charters of the Palestine National Council (PNC) demanded "the recovery of the usurped homeland in its entirety" and the restoration of land and rights-including the right of self-determination-to the indigenous population. In other words, the PNC was calling for decolonization, but this did not mean the elimination or exclusion of all Jews from a Palestinian nation-only, the settlers or colonists. According to the 1964 Charter, "Jews who are of Palestinian origin shall be considered Palestinians if they are willing to live peacefully and loyally in Palestine.' Following the 1967 war, the Arab National Movement, led by Dr. George Habash, merged with Youth for Revenge and the Palestine Liberation Front to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The PFLP embraced a Palestinian identity rooted in radical, Third World-oriented nationalism, officially identifying as Marxist-Leninist two years later. It envisioned a single, democratic, potentially socialist Palestinian state in which all peoples would enjoy citizenship. Likewise, Fatah leaders shifted from promoting the expulsion of settlers to embracing all Jews as citizens in a secular, democratic state. As one Fatah leader explained in early 1969, "If we are fighting a Jewish state of a racial kind, which had driven the Arabs out of their lands, it is not so as to replace it with an Arab state which would in turn drive out the Jews.. We are ready to look at anything with all our negotiating partners once our right to live in our homeland is recognized." Thus, by 1969, "Free Palestine from the river to the sea" came to mean one democratic secular state that would supersede the ethno-religious state of Israel."
  23. ^ a b c Sculos, Bryant W (2019). ""A Free Palestine from the River to the Sea": The 9 Dirty Words You Can't Say (on T.V. or Anywhere Else)". Class, Race and Corporate Power. 7 (1). Miami, Florida: Florida International University. Article 6. doi:10.25148/crcp.7.1.008322. ISSN 2330-6297. S2CID 166905010. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  24. ^ a b "'From the river to the sea': Why a chant for the freedom of an occupied people became so provocative". Dawn.com. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  25. ^ a b Mitnick, Joshua (1 May 2017). "A revised Hamas charter will moderate its stance toward Israel — slightly". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 October 2023. While that may be a tacit acknowledgment of Israel's existence, the revision stops well short of recognizing Israel and reasserts calls for armed resistance toward a 'complete liberation of Palestine from the river to the sea.'… "Hamas is attempting to fool the world, but it will not succeed," said a statement from the Israeli prime minister's office. "Daily, Hamas leaders call for genocide of all Jews and the destruction of Israel."
  26. ^ a b c d e "Allegation: "From the River to the Sea Palestine Will be Free"". ADL. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d "'From the river to the sea' prompts Vienna to ban pro-Palestinian protest". Reuters. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  28. ^ a b Glenn, Matis (25 October 2023). "Austrian Chancellor Visits Israel, Says 'From the River...' Will Be Considered Call to Murder". Hamodia. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  29. ^ a b "'From the river to the sea'-leus is geweldsoproep, vindt Kamermeerderheid". nos.nl (in Dutch). 25 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  30. ^ a b Eichner, Itamar (25 October 2023). "Austria's Nehammer says pro-Hamas chants will become criminal offense". Ynetnews. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  31. ^ a b c ""From the River to the Sea"". Translate Hate Glossary. AJC. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  32. ^ a b "In Europe, Free Speech Is Under Threat For Palestine Supporters". Time. 20 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  33. ^ Guo, Kayla (7 November 2023). "House Censures Rashida Tlaib, Citing 'River to the Sea' Slogan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  34. ^ Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). "'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  35. ^ Hernandez, Joe (9 November 2023). "How interpretations of the phrase 'from the river to the sea' made it so divisive". NPR. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  36. ^ a b Demirjian, Karoun; Stack, Liam (9 November 2023). "What Does 'From the River to the Sea' Mean?". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  37. ^ "The Avalon Project : Hamas Covenant 1988". Avalon Project. 18 August 1988. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  38. ^ Qiblawi, Tamara (3 May 2017). "'Hamas says it accepts '67 borders, but doesn't recognize Israel". CNN. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  39. ^ "Hamas in 2017: The document in full". Middle East Eye. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  40. ^ "Prelude to the Accord Likud, Labour and the Palestinians". Oxford University Press. 13 September 1993. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Israel Kills Dozens in Gaza While Imposing "Constant War" on Palestinian Residents of Jerusalem". Democracy Now!. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  42. ^ Barnett, Michael; Brown, Nathan; Lynch, Marc; Telhami, Shibley (14 April 2023). "Israel's One-State Reality". Foreign Affairs. No. May/June 2023. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  43. ^ Matar, Haggai (6 August 2022). "The End of the Green Line—Two Views". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  44. ^ "A Document of General Principles and Policies (Hamas General Charter, rev. 2017)" (PDF). FAS. Hamas. Retrieved 27 October 2023. Hamas believes that no part of the land of Palestine shall be compromised or conceded, irrespective of the causes, the circumstances and the pressures and no matter how long the occupation lasts. Hamas rejects any alternative to the full and complete liberation of Palestine, from the river to the sea.
  45. ^ Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). "'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  46. ^ Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (1 February 2005). The Road to Martyrs' Square : A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. ... a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan 'Palestine is ours from the river to the sea,' which in the hands of the Islamists became 'Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea.'
  47. ^ Cook, David (1 August 2008). Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8156-3195-8. Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam.
  48. ^ Barry Rubin (25 May 2010). The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1. Thus, the MAB slogan 'Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea' is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK ...
  49. ^ "From the river to the sea, Jews and Arabs must forge a shared future". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  50. ^ Tanny, Jarrod. "The Real Meaning of "From the River to the Sea"". The Jewish Journal.
  51. ^ "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  52. ^ Bandler, Aaron (1 November 2021). "Dem NH Lawmaker Apologizes for 'From the River to the Sea' Tweet". The Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  53. ^ a b Nassar, Maha (3 December 2018). "'From The River To The Sea' Doesn't Mean What You Think It Means". The Forward. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  54. ^ "'From the river to the sea': What does the pro-Palestine chant actually mean?". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  55. ^ Munayyer, Yousef. "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?". Jewishcurrents.org. Jewish Currents. Retrieved 27 October 2023. "From the river to the sea" is a rejoinder to the fragmentation of Palestinian land and people by Israeli occupation and discrimination. Palestinians have been divided in a myriad of ways by Israeli policy. There are Palestinian refugees denied repatriation because of discriminatory Israeli laws. There are Palestinians denied equal rights living within Israel's internationally recognized territory as second-class citizens. There are Palestinians living with no citizenship rights under Israeli military occupation in the West Bank. There are Palestinians in legal limbo in occupied Jerusalem and facing expulsion. There are Palestinians in Gaza living under an Israeli siege. All of them suffer from a range of policies in a singular system of discrimination and apartheid—a system that can only be challenged by their unified opposition. All of them have a right to live freely in the land from the river to the sea."
  56. ^ "Allegation: "From the River to the Sea Palestine Will be Free"". www.adl.org. Anti-Defamation League. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  57. ^ Angelos, James (21 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war cuts deep into Germany's soul". politico.eu. Politico Europe. "Hamas' ideology of extermination against everything Jewish is also having an effect in Germany," said the Central Council of Jews in Germany, the country's largest umbrella Jewish organization."
  58. ^ Patterson, David (18 October 2010). A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0. ... except the boundary indicated in their slogan 'From the river to the sea', which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state.
  59. ^ Maqbool, Aleem (31 October 2023). "British Jews are 'full of fear, like I've never seen before'". BBC. Retrieved 1 November 2023. " It is why Mr Bell says he feels unnerved by the demonstrations and particularly by the use of slogans like "from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free," referring to the River Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea. He feels it can only mean the destruction of the Israeli state in its current form."
  60. ^ "What Does "From the River to the Sea" Really Mean?". Jewish Currents. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  61. ^ Hill 2018.
  62. ^ a b "CNN fires analyst Marc Lamont Hill after UN speech on Israel". AP News. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  63. ^ Kelley 2019, p. 77.
  64. ^ Boffey, Daniel (31 October 2023). "'From the river to the sea': where does the slogan come from and what does it mean?". the Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  65. ^ Gutteridge, Nick (30 October 2023). "Labour MP Andy McDonald suspended over 'between the river and the sea' speech". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  66. ^ "FA will consult police if players use 'river to sea' phrase on social media". The Guardian. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023. After careful consideration, we will be writing to all clubs to make it clear that this phrase is considered offensive to many, and should not be used by players in social media posts. "The player has apologised and deleted the tweet. We are strongly encouraging clubs to ensure that players do not post content which may be offensive or inflammatory to any community. "If this phrase is used again by a football participant, we will seek police guidance on how we should treat it and respond.
  67. ^ Guo, Kayla (7 November 2023). "House Censures Rashida Tlaib, Citing 'River to the Sea' Slogan". The New York Times.
  68. ^ Friedman, Lisa (8 November 2023). "The White House condemns Rashida Tlaib's embrace of the 'River to the Sea' slogan". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  69. ^ Syal, Rajeev; Allegretti, Aubrey (10 October 2023). "Waving Palestinian flag may be a criminal offence, Braverman tells police". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2023. I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' should be understood as an expression of a violent desire to see Israel erased from the world, and whether its use in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence.
  70. ^ news, C. N. E. "European Jews again victim of anti-Semitism". cne.news. Retrieved 7 November 2023. Vienna police banned a pro-Palestinian demonstration, citing the inclusion of the phrase in invitations, claiming it portrays a violation against Art. 2 of the European Convention of Human Rights. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  71. ^ Brown, Rivkah (18 October 2023). "Dutch Court Rules 'From the River to the Sea' Protected Speech and Not Antisemitic". Novara Media. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

Bibliography

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