Grape seed extract
Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract (GSPE) contains proanthocyanidins.[1] Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins.[2] Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products.[3] Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth.[4]
Extraction method
[edit]The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol.[5] Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition.[5]
Supplement use and research
[edit]Grape seed extract is sold as a dietary supplement.[6] The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health reported that oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks.[1] Side effects may include itchy scalp, dizziness, headache, and nausea.[1]
A 2019 meta-analysis suggested that grape seed extract might help to lower concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and the inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein.[1] However, each of the studies was small in size, possibly affecting interpretation of the analysis.[1]
A 2016 meta-analysis concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, might help to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure.[7] People with metabolic syndrome had a more significant outcome (average of a 8½ mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure) than in healthy subjects.[7] The authors concluded that heterogeneity in the study designs and small sample sizes involved in the meta-analysis introduced uncertainty in the results, and that larger-scale, long-term, multiple-dose studies in people with high blood pressure were warranted.[7] It is marketed in the US as Activin also known as IH636 gse.[8]
Grape seed extract should not be taken with vitamin C, as this combination might raise blood pressure instead of lowering it.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f "Grape Seed Extract, Herbs at a Glance". US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health. September 2016.
- ^ Rue, Emily A.; Rush, Michael D.; van Breemen, Richard B. (9 May 2017). "Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3. PMC 5891158. PMID 29651231.
- ^ Wanwimolruk, S; Phopin, K; Prachayasittikul, V (2014). "Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 2)". EXCLI Journal. 13: 869–96. PMC 4464477. PMID 26417310.
- ^ Payne, Caroline; Bowyer, Paul K.; Herderich, Markus; Bastian, Susan E.P. (15 July 2009). "Interaction of astringent grape seed procyanidins with oral epithelial cells". Food Chemistry. 115 (2): 551–557. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.061. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ^ a b Zhu, Lei; Zhang, Yali; Lu, Jiang (14 March 2012). "Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (3): 3492–3510. doi:10.3390/ijms13033492. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 3317724. PMID 22489164.
- ^ "Grape Seed Extract: Usefulness and Safety". NCCIH. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Zhang H, Liu S, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Mi J, Tian G (2016). "The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (33): e4247. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004247. PMC 5370781. PMID 27537554.
- ^ "Activin". dsld.od.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
