Hedvig Malina
Hedvig Malina | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1983 |
| Citizenship | Czechoslovakia (1983–1992) Slovakia (1993–2013) Hungary (2013–)[1] |
| Occupation | Student |
Hedvig Malina (Template:Lang-sk) (born 1983) is an ethnic Hungarian woman[2][3] from Horné Mýto (Template:Lang-hu), Slovakia, who gained notoriety in 2006 for claiming that she was physically assaulted allegedly in a hate crime incident.[4] The incident caused a media sensation and her case has ever since represented a highly controversial and debated issue of Hungary-Slovakia relations.[2]
On 4 April 2014, Slovak attorney general charged Malina with perjury.[5] If found guilty, she would face up to 3 years in prison. Andrej Kiska, the president of Slovakia, said that he would grant Malina pardon in case she's convicted.[6]
Claim of violence
Malina claims she was severely beaten and robbed on 25 August 2006 in Nitra after speaking Hungarian in public.[4][7][8] She claims her attackers wrote "SK (probably Slovakia) without parasites" (Template:Lang-sk), and "Hungarians to the other side of the Danube" spelled incorrectly (Maďari za Dunai, in Slovak Danube is written as Dunaj) on her clothes.
All Slovak political parties condemned the incident,[9] except the Slovak National Party, led by Ján Slota, which remained silent.[9]
Police investigation
Ján Packa, the head of Slovak police set up a special squad, and started an investigation immediately.[10]
Some two weeks after the incident, police closed the case, concluding that she made up the whole thing.[2] Slovak Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior Robert Kaliňák declared that none of Malina's claims could be confirmed. Her mobile network operator did not record any call on the day in question. She explained that she had told the police several times that she did not remember whether she had been speaking Hungarian on her phone or to someone in the street.[10]
Malina claimed she had been robbed, and her identity papers were later sent to her address. Police claimed that a DNA analysis proved that the parcel had been posted by Malina herself. She gave the parcel to the police only two days after receiving it because of a national holiday. She had licked the stamp in an attempt to fix it back on the envelope after the police had asked her to turn over the entire package.[10][11] It was later pointed out that at the time of posting the pack she was in hospital.[12] In the hospital, Malina was treated for internal bleeding, which police authorities ascertain occurred before the claimed attack.
Graphology specialists assumed that the offensive writings on her clothes were most probably written by herself.[11] However, the specialist did not ask Malina for a sample, but instead used an application for a passport from eight years before that may not have been written by her.[10][11] By September 2006 the police had concluded their investigation, and at a press conference attended by Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico and Minister of the Interior Robert Kaliňák, the latter stated "it is beyond doubt that the attack did not happen", supporting his assertion with several pieces of what he claimed were evidence, including DNA samples. Kaliňák later went on to denounce Malina as a "pathological liar".[13] Since then, the Slovak authorities ordered her psychiatric examination several times.
10 October 2006 the US Ambassador in Bratislava informed Washington, that "A contact with ties to the Ministry of the Interior informed Emboff that the alleged skinhead attack on an ethnic-Hungarian university student in Nitra in August might have happened after all (refs A-C). The young woman may have received a light beating but then tried to make her injuries appear worse than they actually were because she believed that a few punches were "not enough" to make her case to the police, the source explained."[14]
By 2007 the Slovak authorities charged Malina with perjury.[13]
In a July 2007 interview with the Slovak Weekly .týžden, Malina said that Robert Fico and Kaliňák initially believed what the police concluded, but later only kept repeating those statements due to outside pressure.[15] She also said that she felt calm and had finished her fourth year at university with an excellent result, so it is not true that she had panicked before a test, and had beaten up herself to evade the exam – as stated by Slovak officials.[16]
Malina married her Slovak boyfriend Peter Žák in February 2008 after years of being together.[17] They have a daughter and a son.[18]
Controversy over the investigation
Béla Bugár, then leader of the Party of the Hungarian Coalition (SMK-MKP) questioned the results of the investigation, calling attention to the fact that medical examination initiated by the police did not take place until 10 days after the case, allowing time for bruises to disappear.[19]
On 13 September 2006, Malina announced that she was maintaining her initial claims, saying she was willing to take a polygraph test, and that she and her lawyer, Gábor Gál were considering reporting the case to public prosecutors because the victim had been interrogated for six hours during which officers tried to persuade her to withdraw her claims.[20] Packa said the attitude of Malina and her lawyer was "the despising of the work of Slovak police",[11] and Kaliňák claimed that Gál was trying to make it into a political issue.[11]
Hungarian politician Viktor Polgár said that the incident was not an isolated case.[11]
The following day, Gál stepped down due to pressure and the whole SMK-MKP for being involved in the case,[21] and gave over the case to a Slovak attorney, Roman Kvasnica. Kvasnica laid a complaint with the Nitra prosecution, which was refused on 18 October 2006. In the meantime, state-owned Slovak television channel STV broadcast a documentary directed by Eugen Korda, which claimed Kaliňák did not always tell the truth in connection with the case.[citation needed] The director was soon after dismissed from the television channel,[22] reportedly for unprofessional behavior.[23] The documentary reported mistakes made by the police and the Ministry of Interior but – according to a blog – was also biased and contained serious flaws.[24]
Polygraph examination
In November 2006. Israeli polygraph expert, Koby Rabin conducted an examination to Hedvig Malina. According to the test results Ms. Hedvig Malina did not make up the story regarding the assault in the park and she told the truth when she claimed that the attackers had been shouting that "in Slovakia people speak Slovak". No lying indication was detected, when she said that neither she, nor anyone on her behalf had written on her blouse that "Hungarians beyond the Danube" and "Slovakia without parasites".[25][26][27]
Charges against Malina
Kubla report
In November 2006 Juraj Kubla reported Malina to the authorities, accusing her of perjury.[28] At the end of November the police initiated criminal prosecution against Malina, who, in turn, brought the case to the Constitutional Court. In May 2007, Kubla committed suicide.[29] Kubla left behind a suicide note, but the police did not publish it.[30]
Hungarian political parties Fidesz and Hungarian Socialist Party called Malina's case a show trial. Zsolt Németh noted that the media was informed about the act of accusing before the lawyer of the victim, and the accusation had been announced before it actually took place. Robert Fico called the comments "the coarse intervention of Budapest into Slovak domestic matters".[31] In June 2007 Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány said that nobody has the right to doubt the independence of justice in another country.[32]
Korcek report
On 26 May 2007 it was revealed that another person besides Kubla reported Malina to the authorities. He was later identified as Peter Korček, a former secret agent and currently a member of the Christian Democratic Movement, a Slovak political party.[33]
A possible witness
In June, Zdeno Kamenický from Nitra claimed he knew one of the attackers, Robert Benci[34] from Nitra. Kamenický, due to uncertain reasons, was officially never interrogated by the police, who instead claimed that Benci had a "bulletproof alibi."[35] This alibi later turned out to be two contradicting statements from his mother and uncle, who said that Robert at the time was either at home sleeping or at a holiday place with his friends.[36]
A change in view
The next month Packa, the head of the police, contrary to his claims he made one year before, said that "Malina might have been beaten."[37] He explained, "we never claimed she was not beaten. We claimed it did not happen the way she states." It was also revealed that medical certificates made right after the incident but disregarded by the police did prove Malina's recounting. Dušan Čaplovič, deputy prime minister also accepted that "she may have been beaten, but not because she is Hungarian".[37]
Examinations following the above statements suggested that Malina's handwritten testimony had not been copied accurately in typing, notably, an important sentence had been left out[38] though this was not confirmed by Slovak police. The Chief Prosecutor's Office started an investigation to find out if it was necessary to look into the case again. As a result, Chief Public Prosecutor Dobroslav Trnka admitted that both the police and prosecution had made mistakes without specifying them.[39]
Abuse of power claims
In August 2007, a former high-ranking police officer, Jozef Šátek, filed a complaint against Fico, Kaliňák and Packa, claiming that they had abused their power in connection with the Malina case. Legal experts noted that the Minister of the Interior, who is not a member of any criminal justice organ, revealed facts from the case file to the public even before the plaintiff had been informed her case had been shelved.[40] The complaint was dropped in September when the police concluded there was no reason to prosecute them.[41]
In September 2007, Chief Prosecutor Trnka decided to replace police investigators working on the case of Malina's alleged perjury[42] and start the investigation again.
In October 2007, Tom Lantos, Hungarian-born Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, asked Prime Minister Fico to distance themselves from the Beneš decrees,[43] for a reasonable process in the Malina case, and to treat members of the Hungarian minority as equals.[44][45] Lantos also blamed Fico for creating the climate for anti-Hungarian sentiments by including "voluntarily in his coalition individuals with known ultra-nationalist, anti-Hungarian attitudes".[46] Lantos said that Fico personally assured him that the Slovak government had a "zero-tolerance" policy toward all kinds of discrimination.[46] Lantos said he was considering introducing a congressional resolution condemning the ethnic attacks,[46] saying, "The blame rests 100 percent with the Slovak side. This is not one of those instances where both sides are guilty."[46]
In December 2007, (15 months after the beating) the Slovak police gave the video cassettes about the initial Malina hearing to Roman Kvasnica, her lawyer. It turned out the police had broken the law several times. They forgot to mention three police officers were also in the room throughout the hearing.[47] The investigators stopped the recording at times. The hearing lasted for six hours, but the police recorded only five hours of it, and released only three hours of that recording.[48] Despite the police's early claims not one, but two cameras were used for the recording.[49] Malina is still accused of misleading the authorities for which she may be sentenced to five years in prison.
Malina then took her case to the European Court of Human Rights, challenging what she calls the "inhuman and humiliating" conduct of the Slovak officials.[7] She reportedly told the Népszabadság that she was looking for "moral satisfaction."[7]
Decision of the European Court of Human Rights
Before the tribunal, the Slovak government offered an agreement to the lawyer of Hedvig Malina, in which the Slovak authorities would apologize for their treatment. On 8 November 2011 the European Court of Human Rights approved the Slovak government's apology. The Slovak Government expressed its regret, saying that "some elements of Malina's case raised doubts over whether her rights stipulated by the European Convention of Human Rights may have been violated."[50]
Despite the apology, the investigation against Malina, started in 2007 is still under way. On 16 December, the police authorities ordered her to undergo psychiatric examination again.
At the end of 2013 Malina and her family decided to move to Győr, northwest Hungary. She commented her decision that she was not fleeing from the prosecution procedure and possible court case in Slovakia just wanted to protect her children from the repeated police harassment she had to endure.[51][52]
4 April 2014, the Slovak Attorney General raised charges against Hedvig Malina.[5]
Conspiracy theories
Malina was at the centre of several conspiracy theories, which relate the case to the Slovak authorities or nationalists.[12][53] Radio Slovakia International commented: "The victim has become the guilty party, and the question now is whether or not she will be prosecuted herself. She's been a pawn in a political game from the very beginning." ... "Thanks to the overtime put in by Béla Bugár and his ethnic-Hungarian SMK party, Malinova appears to be the victim of 'Slovak extremism', and not of a 'Hungarian game.' At this stage, we can only forgive Hedviga, but not forget those who were standing behind her the whole time".[53]
References
- ^ "Magyar állampolgár lett, Győrbe költözik Malina Hedvig (Hedvig Malina became Hungarian citizen, she moves to Győr)" (in Hungarian). hvg.hu. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ a b c "Violent video stirs waves in the Malina case". The Budapest Sun. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Slovak prosecutor dismisses assault case filed by ethnic Hungarian woman". Financial Times/AP Worldstream. 18 October 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b "Malina case bungled: Prosecutor". The Budapest Times. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b http://www.hirek.sk/belfold/20140404160913/Heves-reakciokat-valtott-ki-a-Hedvig-elleni-vademeles.html
- ^ "Ak Malinovú odsúdia, Kiska jej dá milosť". PEREX. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- ^ a b c "Maligned Hungarian seeks higher justice". The Budapest Times. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Une étudiante met le feu aux poudres ("A student sets fire to the powder")" (in French). lepetitjournal.com. 18 September 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- ^ a b "A Hungarian student was beaten in Slovakia" (in Hungarian). Index. 25 August 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c d "Police:Hedviga lied". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f "Confusing contradictions in the Nyitra incident" (in Hungarian). Index. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b "Conspiracy theories over Hedvig Malina" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b "Still no psychiatric exam for Malinová, prosecution wants to end case this year". Slovakspectator. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ https://wikileaks.org/cable/2006/10/06BRATISLAVA817.html
- ^ "I'm fighting until my name will be cleared" (in Hungarian). Népszabadság. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "I am a stronger girl now" (in Slovak). .týžden. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Malina Hedvig férhez ment szlovák barátjához" (in Hungarian). 15 February 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ Kisfiúnak adott életet Malina Hedvig – Bumm.sk, 2010. július 1.
- ^ "Beating of a Hungarian in Nyitra thought to be made up" (in Hungarian). Index. 12 September 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Hedvig Malina turns to public prosecutors" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Timetable of Hedviga Malinová's Case". Hungarian Coalition Party. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "New scandal in Slovakia due to Hedvig Malina" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Eugen Korda leaves Slovak Television" (in Slovak). Trend. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Hedviga: Korda's programs contained both accurate and inaccurate information" (in Slovak). A blog at Slovak Press Watch. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ {http://img.cas.sk/img/4/full/1026003_hedviga.jpg
- ^ http://www.bumm.sk/60233/izraeli-hazugsagvizsgalat-malina-hedvig-igazat-mondott.html
- ^ http://www.cas.sk/detektor
- ^ "Malina Hedvig prosecuted for being a false witness" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Denunciator of Hedvig Malina left a suicide note" (in Hungarian). Origo. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Két feljelentője volt Malina Hedvignek (trans: Two reported Hedvig Malina)" (in Hungarian). HVG. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
A héten kiderült, hogy a feljelentő bizonyos Jaroslav Kubla volt, aki azonban nem pozsonyi, hanem vágsellyei illetőségű. A férfi május elején felakasztotta magát." "A környezetében iszákosként ismert Kubla búcsúlevelet is hagyott, de ennek tartalmát a rendőrség nem hozza nyilvánosságra" lit. Translation: "As it turned out this week the man who made the report was a certain Jaroslav Kubla, but not from Pozsony but Vágsellye. The man hanged himself in early May." "Kubla reportedly (by his associates/friends/people who knew him) having alcohol/alcoholism related problems also left a suicide note, but the contents of this note will not be published by (Slovak) police.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Fidesz, MSZP: Malina Hedviget koncepciós perben akarják elítélni" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Kauza Malinová: Gyurcsány sa zastal Fica" (in Slovak). Pravda. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Psychiatrists, discredited deputies and secret service agents around Hedvig Malina" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Hedvig Malina's possible attacker questioned only as a witness" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Hedvig Malina's possible attacker denies allegations" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Hearing of one of the possible attackers of Hedvig Malina is over" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b "Slovak Police also thinks Hedvig Malina was beaten" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Rendőr másíthatta meg Malina Hedvig vallomását" (in Hungarian). Origo. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Szlovákia főügyésze: hibázott a rendőrség és az ügyészség is Malina Hedvig ügyében" (in Hungarian). Népszabadság. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "A beating that never took place, but refuses to go away". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Criminal complaint against Slovak premier dropped. ČTK – Czech News Agency. 27 September 2007.
- ^ "Malinová case to get new prosecutor and investigator". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Letter from Tom Lantos to Robert Fico" (PDF). Congress of the United States, Committee on Foreign affairs. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Chairman of U.S. Foreign Affairs Committee Calls on Slovakian Prime Minister to disavow Beneš decrees, ensure justice for Hungarian minority". Hungarian-American Coalition USA. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2008. (Press release)
- ^ "Offensive on Fico from overseas" (in Hungarian). Magyar Hírlap. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) [dead link] - ^ a b c d "U.S. lawmaker blames Slovak government for ethnically motivated attacks on Hungarians". International Herald Tribune. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "The record of the interrogation of Hedvig Malina has been leaked out" (in Hungarian). Origo. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Why were three policemen present at the hearing of Hedvig Malina?" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Video leaked out: what happened during the interrogation of Hedvig Malina?" (in Hungarian). Hírszerző. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ http://www.politics.hu/20120201/slovak-government-expresses-regret-in-case-of-ethnic-hungarian-charged-with-providing-false-testimony-in-beating-case/
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Ethnic Hungarian in Slovakia "granted asylum", says deputy PM". 20 December 2013.
- ^ a b "Hedviga as victim". Slovak Radio International. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)
