Henry H. Goddard

For the judge, see Henry W. Goddard.

Henry H. Goddard

Henry Herbert Goddard (August 14, 1866 – June 18, 1957) was a prominent American psychologist and eugenicist during the early 20th century. He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness, which he himself came to regard as flawed, and for being the first to translate the Binet intelligence test into English during 1908 and distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United States. He also introduced the term "moron" for clinical use.

He was the main advocate for the use of intelligence testing in societal institutions including hospitals, schools, the legal system and the military. He helped develop the new topic of clinical psychology, during 1911 helped to write the first U.S. law requiring that blind, deaf and mentally retarded children be provided special education within public school systems, and during 1914 became the first American psychologist to testify in court that subnormal intelligence should limit the criminal responsibility of defendants.

Early life

Goddard was born in East Vassalboro, Maine, the fifth and youngest child and only son of farmer Henry Clay Goddard and his wife Sarah Winslow Goddard, who were devout Quakers. (Two of his sisters died in infancy.) His father was gored by a bull when the younger Goddard was a small child, and eventually lost his farm and had to work as a farmhand; he died of his lingering injuries when the boy was nine years old. The younger Goddard went to live with his married sister for a brief time, but during 1877 was enrolled at the Oak Grove Seminary [1], a boarding school in Vassalboro.

During this period, Sarah Goddard began a new career as a traveling Quaker preacher; she married missionary Jehu Newlin during 1884, and the couple regularly traveled throughout the United States and Europe. During 1878, Henry Goddard became a student at the Friends School in Providence, Rhode Island. During his youth he began an enduring friendship with Rufus Jones, who would later co-found (during 1917) the American Friends Service Committee, which received the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize.

Goddard entered Haverford College during 1883, where he played on the football team, and graduated during 1887; he adjourned his his studies for a year to teach in Winthrop, Maine, from 1885 to 1886. After graduating, he traveled to California to visit one of his sisters, and stopped en route in Los Angeles to present some letters of introduction at the University of Southern California, which had been established just seven years earlier. After seeking jobs in the Oakland area for several weeks, he was surprised to receive an offer of a temporary position at USC, and taught Latin, history and botany. He also served as co-coach (with Frank Suffel) of the first USC football team during 1888, with the team winning both of its games against a local athletic club. But he departed immediately thereafter, returning to Haverford to earn his master's degree in mathematics during 1889.

From 1889 to 1891, he became principal of the Damascus Academy, a Quaker school in Damascus, Ohio, where he also taught several subjects and conducted chapel services and prayer meetings. On August 7, 1889, he married Emma Florence Robbins, who became one of the two other teachers at the Academy. During 1891 he returned to teach at the Oak Grove Seminary in Vassalboro, becoming principal during 1893. During 1896 he enrolled at Clark University, intending to study only briefly, but he remained three years and received his doctorate in psychology during 1899. He then taught at the State Normal School in West Chester, Pennsylvania until 1906.

Vineland

From 1906 to 1918, Goddard was the Director of Research at the Vineland Training School for Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys in Vineland, New Jersey, which was the first known laboratory established to study mental retardation. While there, he is quoted as stating that "Democracy, then, means that the people rule by selecting the wisest, most intelligent and most human to tell them what to do to be happy." [Italics are Goddard's.]

At the May 18, 1910 annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of the Feeble-Minded, Goddard proposed definitions for a system for classifying individuals with mental retardation based on intelligence quotient (IQ). Goddard used the terms moron for those with an IQ of 51-70, imbecile for those with an IQ of 26-50, and idiot for those with an IQ of 0-25 for categories of increasing impairment. This nomenclature was standard for decades. A moron, by his definition, was any person with mental age between eight and twelve. Morons, according to Goddard, were unfit for society and should be removed from society either through institutionalization, sterilization, or both.

Goddard's best-known work, The Kallikak Family, was published during 1912. He had studied the background of several local groups of people which were somewhat distantly related, and concluded that they were all descended from a single Revolutionary War soldier. Martin Kallikak first married a Quaker woman. All of the children that came from this relationship were "wholesome" and had no signs of retardation. Later, it was discovered that Kallikak had an affair with a "nameless feeble-minded woman". The result of this union resulted in generations of criminals. Goddard termed this generation "a race of defective degenerates". While the book rapidly became a success and was considered to be made into a Broadway play, his research methods were soon questioned; within ten years he came to agree with the critics, and no longer endorsed his conclusions.

Goddard was a strong advocate of eugenics. Although he believed that "feeble-minded" people bearing children was inadvisable, he hesitated to promote compulsory sterilization – even though he was convinced that it would solve the problem of mental retardation – because he did not think such a plan could gain widespread acceptance. Instead he suggested that colonies should be established where the feeble-minded could be segregated.

Goddard established an intelligence testing program on Ellis Island during 1913. The purpose of the program was to identify "feeble-minded" persons whose nature was not obvious to the subjective judgement of immigration officers, who had previously made these judgements without the aid of tests. When he published the results during 1917, Goddard stated that his results only applied to immigrants traveling steerage and did not apply to people traveling in first or second class. He also noted that the population he studied had been preselected, omitting those who were either "obviously normal" or "obviously feeble-minded", and stated that he made "no attempt to determine the percentage of feeble-minded among immigrants in general or even of the special groups named – the Jews, Hungarians, Italians, and Russians"; a qualifier omitted in works by opponents of the study of intelligence such as Stephen Jay Gould and Leon Kamin.

The program found an estimated 80% of the population of immigrants studied were "feeble-minded". Goddard and his associates tested a group of 35 Jewish, 22 Hungarian, 50 Italian, and 45 Russian immigrants who had been identified as "representative of their respective groups". The results found that 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, 79% of Italians, and 80% of Russians of the study population were feeble-minded. The untrue claim that this referred to findings made by Goddard in respect to the greater population of Jewish, Hungarian, Italian and Russian immigrants has been widely publicized.

Claims are often made that the Immigration Act of 1924 was strongly influenced by intelligence testing. However, the act made no mention of the practice, and it was seldom mentioned in the discussion prior to its enactment.

Goddard also publicized alleged race-group differences obtained by Army IQ tests (Army Alpha and Beta) during World War I (the results were, even in their day, challenged as inaccurate scientifically, and later resulted in a retraction from the director of the project, Carl Brigham) and claimed that the results showed that Americans were unfit for democracy.

Later career

During 1918 he became director of the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research; during 1922 he became a professor in the Department of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology at the Ohio State University, a job he possessed until his retirement during 1938. His wife Emma died during October 1936; they did not have any children. He received an honorary law degree from Ohio State during 1943, and an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania during 1946. During 1946 he was among the endorsers of Albert Einstein's Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.

By the 1920s, Goddard had come to believe that he had made numerous errors in his early research, and regarded The Kallikak Family as obsolete. It was also noted that Goddard was more concerned about making eugenics popular rather than conducting actual scientific studies. He devoted the later part of his career to seeking improvements of education, reforming environmental influences in childhood, and publicizing better child-rearing practices. But others continued to use his early work to endorse various arguments with which Goddard did not agree, and he was constantly perplexed by the fact that later polemicists claimed that his studies were dangerous to society. Henry Garrett of Columbia University was one of the few scientists to continue to use The Kallikak Family as a reference.

Goddard relocated to Santa Barbara, California during 1947. He died at his home there at age 90, and his cremated remains were interred with those of his wife at the Siloam Cemetery, 550 N. Valley Avenue, Vineland, New Jersey.

Publications

• The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912)
• Standard method for giving the Binet test (1913)
• Feeble-Mindedness: Its Causes and Consequences (1914)
• School Training of Defective Children (1914)
• The Criminal Imbecile: An Analysis of Three Remarkable Murder Cases (1915)
• Psychology of the Normal and Subnormal (1919)
• Human Efficiency and Levels of Intelligence (1920)
• Juvenile Delinquency (1921)
• Two Souls in One Body? (1927)
• School Training of Gifted Children (1928)
• How to Rear Children in the Atomic Age (1948)

See also

• Eugenics in the United States
• Mainstreaming in education

Notes and references

• Zenderland, Leila (1998). Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44373-3.
• The Vineland Training School. Goddard and Eugenics. http://www.vineland.org/history/trainingschool/history/eugenics.htm

External links

• Works by Henry Herbert Goddard at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Henry H. Goddard at the Internet Archive
• About half of the text of 1913 edition of Goddard's Kallikak Family
• Template:CFBCR