Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson

General The Right Honourable The Lord Rawlinson GCB, GCSI, GCVO, KCMG
General Sir Henry Rawlinson, Bt, at Fourth Army HQ, Querrieu Chateau, July 1916.
Born	20 February 1864 Westminster, London, England
Died	28 March 1925 (aged 61) Delhi, British India
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British army
Years of service	1884–1925
Rank	General
Unit	King's Royal Rifle Corps
Commands held	Staff College, Camberley 2nd Infantry Brigade 3rd Division 4th Division IV Corps British First Army British Fourth Army British Second Army Aldershot Command India
Battles/wars	Mahdist War Second Boer War World War I
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Order of St. George (Russia)

General Henry Seymour Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, GCB, GCSI, GCVO, KCMG (20 February 1864 – 28 March 1925), known as Sir Henry Rawlinson, Bt between 1895 and 1919, was a British First World War general most famous for his roles in the Battle of the Somme of 1916 and the Battle of Amiens in 1918.

Military career

Rawlinson was born in Westminster, London, England, in June 1864. His father, Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, was an Army officer (and a renowned Middle East scholar and generally recognized as the father of Assyriology). Rawlinson attended Eton and Sandhurst and entered the Army in 1884 as an officer in the King's Royal Rifle Corps in India. His first military experience was serving in Burma during an 1886 uprising.

In 1889, Rawlinson's mother died and he returned to England. He transferred to the Coldstream Guards and was promoted to captain. He served on Kitchener's staff during the advance on Omdurman in 1898 and served with distinction in a field command in the Boer War in 1899 to 1902. Rawlinson was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1903 and named as commandant of the Army Staff College. He was made Commander of 2nd Infantry Brigade at Aldershot in 1907 and General Officer Commanding 3rd Division in 1910.

Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Rawlinson was appointed General Officer Commanding 4th Division in France. He then took command of the IV Corps. In 1915, he was elevated to command of the British First Army but was taken off the front after questioning higher ranks about the tactics being used. Rawlinson was assigned to Gallipoli to organise the withdrawal of Allied forces that had become entrenched there. He performed this task better than others had thought possible and he was recalled to the Western Front to assume command of the Fourth Army on 24 January 1916. as the plans for the Allied offensive on the Somme were being developed. On 1 January 1917, he was promoted to permanent General "for distinguished service in the field". For a period in 1917–18, he also commanded the Second Army. He took no direct part in the Third Ypres Offensive, but commanded a force training for an amphibious landing on the Belgian Coast ("Operation Hush") - this landing never actually took place.

In November 1917 the Allied governments set up a Supreme War Council at Versailles, and later planned to create an Allied Reserve. This precipitated the crisis of February 1918, in which Robertson was removed as CIGS. Amidst talk of the government falling, Rawlinson wrote to Gwynne (14 February 1918) that the best solution was to give Robertson a powerful role at Versailles and have Wilson as a weak CIGS in London “where he will not be able to do much mischief - especially if Squiff replaced LG as PM”. Rawlinson succeeded Wilson, now CIGS, as Permanent Military Representative at Versailles. Haig noted in his diary (25 February) that Wilson was no longer so keen on a strong Versailles staff under Rawlinson. Rawlinson for his part supported Haig’s unwillingness to release any divisions to the General Reserve. Petain only agreed to release 8 French divisions and made a bilateral agreement with Haig to assist one another. At a SWC Meeting in London (14-15 March) it was agreed to shelve the Allied Reserve.

Rawlinson returned to the Fourth Army in July 1918 for the Allied counter-offensive. He was made GCVO in 1917 and KCMG 1918.

During the war, Rawlinson was noted for his willingness to use innovative tactics. He organised one of the first major night attacks by a modern army in 1916, and in 1918 Rawlinson planned and directed the Amiens offensive. He combined attacks by aeroplanes and armoured units with the infantry, followed up with cavalry and fast moving Whippet tanks to exploit the breakthroughs in the German lines. This was one of the world's first successful combined-arms operations, and one of the most comprehensive British-led victories, in British military history.

Following the Armistice, Parliament passed a vote of thanks to Rawlinson for his service. In 1919, he was raised to the peerage as "Baron Rawlinson", of Trent in the County of Dorset, and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB). He was again called on to organise an evacuation, this time of the Allied forces that had been sent to Russia to intervene in the Civil War there. In November 1919 he became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Aldershot Command. In 1920, Rawlinson was made Commander-in-Chief, India, a post he held until his death. In 1924, he was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI). Lord Rawlinson died when he was taken ill after playing polo and cricket on his 61st birthday in 1925.

Henry Rawlinson's brother Alfred Rawlinson also played a signicant role during World War I, but this was mostly confined to the Middle Eastern theatre in Turkey, Mesopotamia and Persia. He was taken prisoner of war by the Turks, which caused some political complications based on his brother's position. The story is contained in his book, Adventures in the Near East, 1918-1922.

Further reading

• Jeffery, Keith (2006). Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820358-2.
• Maurice, Major-General Sir Frederick The Life of General Lord Rawlinson of Trent G.C.B., G.C.V.O., G.C.S.I., K.C.M.G.: From His Journals and Letters Cassell and Company Ltd, 1928
• Prior, Robin Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914-1918 Leo Cooper Ltd (30 Jul 2004) ISBN 1-84415-103-4
• Yockelson, Mitchell A. (30 May 2008). Borrowed Soldiers: Americans under British Command, 1918. Foreword by John S. D. Eisenhower. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3919-7.
• Rawlinson, A. Adventures in the Near East, 1918-1922 Andrew Melrose, 1923

External links

• National Portrait Gallery (13 portraits, 6 displayed)