Holodiscus discolor
| Holodiscus discolor | |
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| Holodiscus discolor flowers (Anacortes, Washington) | |
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| Species: | H. discolor[1]
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| Binomial name | |
| Holodiscus discolor | |
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Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, or ironwood, is a shrub of western North America.[3][4][5]
Distribution
The plant is common in the Pacific Northwest, and throughout California in diverse habitats including California mixed evergreen forest, California oak woodlands, chaparral, Coast redwood forest, Douglas-fir forest, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Lodgepole pine forest. It is native to regions of California including the High Sierra Nevada, Northern and Southern California Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, Santa Cruz Mountains, Western Transverse Ranges, and the San Gabriel Mountains.
It is found in both openings and the common understory shrub in a variety of forest overstories from 300–1,300 metres (980–4,270 ft) in elevation. It is found in a variety of habitats, from moist coastal forests to drier, cooler mountains of inland California. The plant is found in areas prone to wildfire, and it is often the first green shoot to spring up in an area recovering from a burn. It is commonly found in chaparral communities, a fire ecology ecosystem which evolved with burning periodically. It also may grow in areas cleared by logging.
In the California black oak woodland plant community, common understory associate species include Western poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and coastal wood fern (Dryopteris arguta).[6]
Description
Holodiscus discolor is a fast-growing deciduous shrub usually from to 4–5 feet (1.2–1.5 m) in height, and up to 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. Its alternate leaves are small, 5–9 cm long and 4–7 cm broad, lobed, juicy green when new.[7]
Cascading clusters of white flowers drooping from the branches give the plant its two common names. The flowers have a faint sweet, sugary scent. The bloom period is May to July.
It bears a small, hairy fruit containing one seed which is light enough to be dispersed by wind.
Uses
Historically, the plant has been used by Indigenous peoples for many purposes.[8]
Many tribes used the wood and bark for making tools and furniture. Noted for the strength of its wood, it was often used for making digging sticks, spears, arrows, bows, harpoons and nails. The wood, like with many other plants, was often hardened with fire and was then polished using horsetail.[9]
Comox Indians use oceanspray when flowering as an indicator of the best time to dig for butter clams.[10]
Medicinal
The Lummi used the flowers as an antidiarrheal and the leaves as a poultice. Several Native American tribes, such as the Stl'atl'imx, would steep the berries in boiling water to use as a treatment for diarrhea, smallpox, chickenpox and as a blood tonic.[5]
Nature
It is of special value as a pollinator plant for native bees and butterflies.[11]
See also
References
- ^ M. Casebeer (2004) Discover California Shrubs. Sonora, California: Hooker Press. ISBN 0-9665463-1-8
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim". Plants Profile. USDA. 2008.
- ^ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-55105-042-0.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Globaltwitcher.com: California Black Oak Quercus kelloggii Archived 2012-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, ed. Nicklas Stromberg.
- ^ Jepson Manual, 1993
- ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Ethnobotany of Holodiscus discolor
- ^ Pojar; J, MacKinnon, A.; Alaback, P., et al. 1956/1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska, ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5
- ^ "The effects of climate change on wild plant life cycles"; Susan Mazer, PhD, Liz Matthews, PhD, National Park Service.
- ^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center−NPIN: Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
External links
- Calflora Database: Holodiscus discolor (Cream bush, Oceanspray)
- Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Holodiscus discolor
- USDA Plants Profile for Holodiscus discolor (oceanspray)
- UC Photos gallery of Holodiscus discolor (oceanspray)
- Holodiscus
- Flora of British Columbia
- Flora of California
- Flora of Idaho
- Flora of Oregon
- Flora of Washington (state)
- Flora of the Cascade Range
- Flora of the Klamath Mountains
- Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
- Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
- Taxa named by Frederick Traugott Pursh
- Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
- Garden plants of North America
- Butterfly food plants