Hyainailourinae

Hyainailourinae Temporal range: Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene
Comparison of various Early to Middle Miocene hyaenodonts, including the hyainailurids Hyainailouros sulzeri (top) and Megistotherium osteothlastes (center), and teratodontid Dissopsalis pyroclasticus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Hyaenodonta
Superfamily:	†Hyainailouroidea
Family:	†Hyainailouridae
Subfamily:	†Hyainailourinae Pilgrim, 1932
Type genus
†Hyainailouros (polyphyletic genus) Biedermann, 1863
Genera
[see classification]
Synonyms
Hyaenaelurinae (Pilgrim, 1932) Hyaninailourinae (Peigné, 2007) Hyaninailourini (Ginsburg, 1980) Pterodontinae (Polly, 1996)

Hyainailourinae ("hyena-cats") is an extinct paraphyletic subfamily of hyainailourid hyaenodonts that lived in Africa, Asia, North America and Europe from the middle Eocene to middle Miocene. They appeared in Africa about 44.35 Ma ago and soon after spread as far as East Asia.

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

• Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae ^{(paraphyletic subfamily)} (Pilgrim, 1932)
  • Genus: †Megistotherium (Savage, 1973)
    • †Megistotherium osteothlastes (Savage, 1973)
  • Genus: †Mlanyama (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
    • †Mlanyama sugu (Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009)
  • Genus: †Pakakali (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
    • †Pakakali rukwaensis (Borths & Stevens, 2017)
  • Genus: †Simbakubwa (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
    • †Simbakubwa kutokaafrika (Borths & Stevens, 2019)
  • (unranked): †Akhnatenavus clade
    • Genus: †Akhnatenavus (Holroyd, 1999)
      • †Akhnatenavus leptognathus (Osborn, 1909)
      • †Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon (Borths, 2016)
    • Genus: †Hemipsalodon (Cope, 1885)
      • †Hemipsalodon grandis (Cope, 1885)
      • †Hemipsalodon viejaensis (Gustafson, 1986)
    • Genus: †Ischnognathus (Stovall, 1948)
      • †Ischnognathus savagei (Stovall, 1948)
  • Tribe: †Hyainailourini ^{(polyphyletic tribe)} (Ginsburg, 1980)
    • Genus: †Exiguodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • †Exiguodon pilgrimi (Savage, 1965)
    • Genus: †Falcatodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • †Falcatodon schlosseri (Holroyd, 1999)
    • Genus: †Hyainailouros ^{(polyphyletic genus)} (Biedermann, 1863)
      • †Hyainailouros bugtiensis (Pilgrim, 1912)
      • †Hyainailouros napakensis (Ginsburg, 1980)
      • †Hyainailouros sulzeri (Biedermann, 1863)
    • Genus: †Parapterodon (Lange-Badré, 1979)
      • †Parapterodon lostangensis (Lange-Badré, 1979)
    • Genus: †Sectisodon (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
      • †Sectisodon markgrafi (Holroyd, 1999)
      • †Sectisodon occultus (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
    • Genus: †Sivapterodon (Ginsburg, 1980)
      • †Sivapterodon lahirii (Pilgrim, 1932)
    • Subtribe: †Isohyaenodontina ^{(polyphyletic subtribe)} (Lavrov, 1999)
      • Genus: †Isohyaenodon ^{(polyphyletic genus)} (Savage, 1965)
        • †Isohyaenodon andrewsi (Savage, 1965)
        • †Isohyaenodon zadoki (Savage, 1965)
    • (unranked): †Pterodon clade
      • Genus: †Kerberos (Solé, 2015)
        • †Kerberos langebadreae (Solé, 2015)
      • Subtribe: †Pterodontina (Lavrov, 1999)
        • Genus: †Pterodon (Blainville, 1839)
          • †Pterodon dasyuroides (Blainville, 1839)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Pterodon" syrtos (Holroyd, 1999)
    • Incertae sedis:
      • †"Pterodon" africanus (Andrews, 1903)
      • †"Pterodon" phiomensis (Osborn, 1909)
      • †"Pterodon" sp. [DPC 5036] (Holroyd, 1999)
  • Tribe: †Leakitheriini (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Genus: †Leakitherium (Savage, 1965)
      • †Leakitherium hiwegi (Savage, 1965)
  • Tribe: †Metapterodontini (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
    • Genus: †Metapterodon (Stromer, 1926)
      • †Metapterodon brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909)
      • †Metapterodon kaiseri (Stromer, 1926)
      • †Metapterodon stromeri (Morales, 1998)
  • Tribe: †Paroxyaenini (Lavrov, 2007)
    • Genus: †Paroxyaena (Martin, 1906)
      • †Paroxyaena galliae (Filhol, 1881)
      • †Paroxyaena pavlovi (Lavrov, 2007)
  • Incertae sedis:
    • †"Pterodon" sp. [BC 15’08] (Pickford, 2008)
    • †Hyainailourinae sp. [GSN AD 100’96] (Morales, 1998)
    • †Hyainailourinae sp. [UON 84-359] (Solé, 2016)
    • †Hyainailourinae sp. A [DPC 6555] (Holroyd, 1999)
    • †Hyainailourinae sp. C [DPC 9243 & DPC 10315] (Holroyd, 1999)
    • †Hyainailourinae sp. D [DPC 6545] (Holroyd, 1999)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of subfamily Hyainailourinae are shown in the following cladogram:

†Hyaenodonta	†Eoproviverra †Boualitomidae †Arfiidae †Limnocyonidae †Sinopidae †Hyaenodontoidea †Gazinocyon †Pyrocyon †Galecyon  †Afro‑Arabian clade  †Parvavorodon †Indohyaenodontidae †Glibzegdouia †Koholiidae †Tritemnodon †Teratodontidae †Apterodontinae †Maocyon †Maocyon/Orienspterodon clade †Orienspterodon †Hyainailourinae  †Hemipsalodon  †Hemipsalodon grandis †Hemipsalodon viejaensis  †Ischnognathus  †Ischnognathus savagei  ?  †Akhnatenavus clade  †Akhnatenavus  †Akhnatenavus leptognathus †Akhnatenavus nefertiticyon †"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08) †Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359) †Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315) †Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)  †Kerberos  †Kerberos langebadreae †"Pterodon" syrtos †Pterodon clade  †Pterodontina   †Pterodon  †Pterodon dasyuroides †Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555) †"Pterodon" africanus  †Parapterodon  †Parapterodon lostangensis †"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036) †"Pterodon" phiomensis †Hyainailourini  †Paroxyaenini   †Paroxyaena  †Paroxyaena galliae †Paroxyaena pavlovi  †Sectisodon  †Sectisodon markgrafi †Sectisodon occultus  †Falcatodon  †Falcatodon schlosseri  †Exiguodon  †Exiguodon pilgrimi †Isohyaenodon zadoki †Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina) †Isohyaenodon andrewsi  †Sivapterodon  †Sivapterodon lahirii †Hyainailouros bugtiensis †Hyainailouros napakensis †Hyainailouros †Hyainailouros sulzeri †Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)  †Simbakubwa  †Simbakubwa kutokaafrika  †Leakitheriini   †Leakitherium  †Leakitherium hiwegi  †Megistotherium  †Megistotherium osteothlastes  †Mlanyama  †Mlanyama sugu  †Metapterodontini   †Metapterodon  †Metapterodon brachycephalus †Metapterodon kaiseri †Metapterodon stromeri  †Pakakali  †Pakakali rukwaensis †Prionogalidae †Hyainailouridae	†Lahimia clade †Arfia clade †Galecyon clade †Indohyaenodon clade †Tritemnodon clade †Hyainailouroidea

See also

• Mammal classification
• Hyainailouridae