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Hypsilophodontidae

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Hypsilophodonts
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Sauropsida
Superorder:
Dinosauria
Order:
Ornithischia
Suborder:
Cerapoda
Infraorder:
Ornithopoda
Family:
Hypsilophodontidae

Dollo, 1882
Genera

See text.

Hypsilophodonts (named after the Hypsilophus genus of iguana lizard, literally meaning "high-crested tooth") were small ornithopod dinosaurs, regarded as fast, herbivorous bipeds on the order of 1-2 meters long (3.3-6.6 feet). They are known from Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America, from rocks of Middle Jurassic to late Cretaceous age. The group traditionally has included almost all bipedal bird-hipped dinosaurs other than iguanodonts, and some early phylogenetic analyses analyses found it to be a natural group,[1][2] but recent studies have found that the group is mostly paraphyletic and the taxa within represent a series leading up to Iguanodontia.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Some of these studies have moved some traditional hypsilophodonts out of the Ornithopoda.[9][10] Thus, the only certain member at this time is Hypsilophodon. This area of the dinosaur family tree is complicated by a lack of research.

Relationships

The following cladogram of hypsilophodont relationships supports the paraphyletic hypotheses; the "natural Hypsilophodontidae" hypothesis has been falling out of favor since the mid-late 1990s.

Euornithopoda

Orodromeus

Othnielosaurus

<font color="white">unnamed
<font color="white">unnamed
<font color="white">unnamed
<font color="white">unnamed

Iguanodontia

This cladogram is based on Norman et al. (2004),[7] the most recent review, with the results of the very similar cladogram from Weishampel et al. (2003)[6] used to clarify the position of Iguanodontia, which was left out of Norman et al. Thescelosaurinae is currently used informally.

The following genera were regarded as valid, but weren't classified:[7]

Several other genera belong here somewhere, but are very poorly known or outright dubious:[7]

Alternate versions and new data

Several recent studies on the base of Ornithischia, such as Butler (2005),[11] Barrett et al. (2005),[12] Xu et al. (2006),[13] and Butler et al. (2007)[9] have found different arrangements of basal Ornithischia and basal ornithopods that have some bearing on the tree, but each has found different relationships. Given the lack of work on this area since the 1980s, this is not unexpected. One aspect is the reclassification of several genera outside of Ornithopoda, such as Agilisaurus and Othnielosaurus (=Othnielia).[8][10]

Varricchio et al. (2007) found that their new genus, Oryctodromeus, forms a clade with two other genera from Montana, Orodromeus and Zephyrosaurus.[8]

Paleobiology

Hypsilophodonts were small (often 1-2 m [3.28 to 6.56 ft (2.00 m)] long), bipedal, cursorial herbivores.[7] The typical informal comparison has been to gazelles. However, there is evidence that at least some of them made burrows as places to rear their young.[8]

References

  1. ^ Sues, Hans-Dieter (1990). "Hypsilophodontidae, Tenontosaurus, Dryosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (ed.). The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 498–509. ISBN 0-520-06727-4. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  2. ^ Weishampel, David B. (1992). "Systematics of Hypsilophodontidae and Basal Iguanodontia (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda)" (PDF). Historical Biology. 6: 159–184. Retrieved 2007-03-10. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Scheetz, Rodney D. (1998). "Phylogeny of basal ornithopod dinosaurs and the dissolution of the Hypsilophodontidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (3, Suppl.): p. 75A. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ Winkler, Dale A. (1998). "The new ornithopod dinosaur from Proctor Lake, Texas, and the deconstruction of the family Hypsilophodontidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (3, Suppl.): p. 87A. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Buchholz, Peter W. (2002). "Phylogeny and biogeography of basal Ornithischia". The Mesozoic in Wyoming, Tate 2002. Casper, Wyoming: The Geological Museum, Casper College. pp. 18–34.
  6. ^ a b Weishampel, David B. (2003). "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (2): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001032. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e Norman, David B. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (ed.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 393–412. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c d Varricchio, David J. (2007). "First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274: 1361–1368. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0443. Retrieved 2007-03-22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "VMK07" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Butler, Richard J. (2007). "A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274: 2041. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0367. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b Butler, Richard J. (2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Butler, Richard J. (2005). "The "fabrosaurid" ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 145 (2): 175–218. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00182.x.
  12. ^ Barrett, Paul M. (2005). "Small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 823–834. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0823:SODFTM]2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Xu X. (2006). "A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273: 2135–2140. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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