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III Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)

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III Cavalry Corps
Active1812–1815
CountryFrance First French Empire
BranchArmy
TypeCavalry Corps
SizeTwo or three cavalry divisions
EngagementsNapoleonic Wars
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Emmanuel Grouchy
Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova
François Étienne de Kellermann

The III Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) was a French military formation that fought during the Napoleonic Wars. The corps was created in 1812 and reconstituted in 1813 and 1815. Emperor Napoleon first mobilized the corps for the French invasion of Russia. Commanded by General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy, two divisions of the corps fought at Borodino, Tarutino, and Vyazma. A third division fought at First and Second Polotsk and the Berezina. During the War of the Sixth Coalition in 1813, General of Division Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova led the corps at Grossbeeren, Dennewitz, Leipzig, and Hanau. During the Hundred Days in 1815, Napoleon reorganized the corps and appointed General of Division François Étienne de Kellermann to lead it. One brigade of the corps was engaged at Quatre Bras and both divisions fought at Waterloo.

History

1812

Painting of a dark-haired man with mutton-chops in a dark blue uniform with a high collar, epaulettes, and four medals.
Armand de La Houssaye

The III Cavalry Corps was first constituted for the French invasion of Russia and placed under the command of General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy. On 24 June 1812, corps numbered 9,676 men in 50 squadrons and was supported by 30 horse artillery pieces. There were three divisions under Generals of Division Louis Pierre Aimé Chastel, Jean-Pierre Doumerc, and Armand Lebrun de La Houssaye. Chastel led the 3rd Light Cavalry Division, Doumerc directed the 3rd Heavy Cavalry Division, and Houssaye commanded the 6th Heavy Cavalry Division.[1] The Imperial French army captured Vilnius and Emperor Napoleon entered the city on 28 June. Four days later a freak storm with freezing rain blew all night long, causing the deaths of thousands of horses. Colonel Lubin Griois of Grouchy's corps artillery claimed that the storm killed one-fourth of his horses. Soon after, Grouchy was directed to place his cavalry under Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout in attempt to cut off General Pyotr Bagration's Russian Second Army.[2] Though Davout reached Minsk ahead of Bagration, the Russian was able to slip out of the trap because King Jérôme Bonaparte failed to pursue with energy.[3]

Round painting shows a balding man in a dark blue uniform with gold epaulettes and collar.
Jean-Pierre Doumerc

Doumerc's 3rd Heavy Cavalry Division was detached from the corps to operate on the northern front where it was in action at the First Battle of Polotsk from 16 to 18 August 1812. Engaged in the action were the 4th and 7th Cuirassier Regiments, each with four squadrons.[4] During the battle, a Russian attack led by some Russian Guard cavalry squadrons pierced the French lines. General of Division Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr personally ordered the 3rd Swiss Regiment to attack while General of Brigade Frédéric de Berckheim led the 4th Cuirassiers in a cavalry charge. These thrusts turned back the Russian assault.[5] Three cuirassier regiments from Doumerc's division fought in the Second Battle of Polotsk from 18 to 20 October.[6]

Meanwhile, the two main armies fought the Battle of Borodino on 7 September 1812. At Borodino, Grouchy's corps included the divisions of Chastel and Houssaye (see Orders of Battle: 1812).[7] In the final successful French attack on the Great Redoubt, Grouchy's III Cavalry Corps was to the left, Prince Eugène de Beauharnais' IV Corps was in the center, and the II and IV Cavalry Corps were on the right. While the right flank cavalry and infantry overran the fortification, Grouchy's cavalry galloped into the area behind the Great Redoubt only to find that there was a second line of Russian infantry deployed in squares 800 metres (875 yd) to the east. A Russian cavalry countercharge was blunted but the French were unable to advance beyond the captured redoubt.[8] Houssaye was badly wounded at Borodino and became a Russian prisoner when the hospitals at Vilnius were abandoned on 10 December.[9] Units of the corps were engaged at the Battle of Tarutino on 18 October. These were the French 6th Chasseurs à Cheval, 6th Hussar, and 23rd Dragoon Regiments and the Württemberg 3rd Jäger zu Pferde Regiment.[10] By this time, battle losses and illness had shrunk Grouchy's corps to only 700 mounted men.[11]

The 7th and 30th Dragoon Regiments from the 6th Heavy Cavalry Division were engaged at the Battle of Vyazma on 3 November 1812.[12] Doumerc's division joined the remnants of the main army in time to fight at the Battle of Berezina. From 26 to 28 November, Napoleon's retreating army streamed across the ice-choked Berezina River on makeshift bridges. On the 28th, a force of 30,000 Russians tried to advance up the west bank to cut Napoleon's line of retreat but was stopped in a desperate struggle by 14,000 Imperial troops. During the contest, Marshal Michel Ney ordered Doumerc's cuirassiers to charge. The heavy cavalrymen hurled back the Russians, capturing 2,000 men.[13] The III Cavalry Corps units involved were the 4th, 7th, and 14th Cuirassier Regiments.[14] Casualties were horrific during the retreat and included General of Brigade Denis Étienne Seron who vanished without a trace in November.[15] In February 1812, the 8th Chasseurs à Cheval of Chastel's division left Italy 800 strong and a year later there were only 75 survivors.[16] In 1813 Napoleon managed to fill the ranks of his infantry by conscripting under-aged youths and his arsenals were able to cast more cannons to replace the one thousand guns that were lost. But the loss of over 200,000 trained horses in Russia crippled his ability to field an effective cavalry arm in the next campaign.[17]

1813–1814

Painting of a sitting man in an early 1800s military uniform. He wears a dark blue coat with gold braid and epaulettes, white breeches and a wide scarlet sash wrapped around his waist.
Jean-Marie Defrance

After the disaster in Russia, Napoleon determined to recreate four bodies of cavalry for his army in Germany. These were the Imperial Guard cavalry, the I Cavalry Corps under General of Division Victor de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg, the II Cavalry Corps under General of Division Horace François Bastien Sébastiani, and the III Cavalry Corps under General of Division Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova. The last formation was to be created by taking one squadron from each cavalry regiment serving in Spain.[18] On May 1, the III Cavalry Corps was located at Hanau with 3,895 men present and fit for duty. On April 15, the II Cavalry Corps counted 149 officers, 3,144 men, and 3,581 horses. At the end of April the I Cavalry Corps had 172 officers, 3,343 men, and 3,705 horses along the Elbe River.[19] On 15 May, the I Cavalry Corps in Napoleon's main army numbered 9,800 troopers in 45 to 50 squadrons. On that date, the II Cavalry Corps in Ney's army counted 3,000 horsemen in 15 squadrons. But the III Cavalry Corps is not otherwise mentioned in the spring campaign.[20]

When the summer 1813 armistice ended, Napoleon had amassed 400,000 infantry in 559 battalions, almost 40,000 cavalry in 400 squadrons, and 1,284 artillery pieces. Though the French artillery was superior to their opponents, the cavalry was poorly trained. Napoleon's army in Germany was split into two major groups. While Napoleon led the bulk of the army, Marshal Nicolas Oudinot commanded a northern group consisting of the IV Corps, VII Corps, and XII Corps, plus the III Cavalry Corps under Arrighi. Oudinot had orders to march upon Berlin.[21] At this time, Arrighi's corps numbered about 6,000 horsemen in 27 squadrons supported by 24 artillery pieces.[22] Arrighi's three divisions were led by Generals of Division Jean-Marie Defrance, Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge, and François Fournier-Sarlovèze. Defrance led the 4th Heavy Cavalry Division, Lorge commanded the 5th Light Cavalry Division, and Fournier directed the 6th Light Cavalry Division (see Orders of Battle: 1813).[23] Oudinot's army of 67,000 men and 216 guns was to be supported by Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout and 37,500 men plus 94 guns from Hamburg, plus smaller forces.[24]

Painting shows a hatless man in a hussar uniform holding a sword in his right hand. His left hand rests on his hip.
François Fournier-Sarlovèze

On 23 August 1813, the three divisions of the III Cavalry Corps were split among several formations as Oudinot's army advanced through broken terrain. Fournier accompanied the XII Corps on the left flank, Defrance marched with the IV Corps on the right flank, while Lorge was held back with two infantry divisions to guard the rear. On the right flank, the IV Corps skirmished with General Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien's 13,000 Prussians and 32 guns. At 2:00 PM the IV Corps abruptly pulled back. In the center, the 27,000-strong VII Corps occupied a feature called the Windmill Height and went into camp around 3:00 PM. General Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow's 38,000-man Prussian corps soon arrived and a 90-minute artillery bombardment ensued. Bülow finally advanced and drove the VII Corps out of its positions after some stiff fighting. At 8:00 PM, Fournier came upon the battlefield and soon a melee was raging between his division and the Prussian hussars. Seeing that his foot soldiers were helpless in a cavalry combat, Bülow withdrew most of his troops. However, that night Oudinot conceded the Battle of Grossbeeren to the Prussians when he ordered his army to retreat. For a loss of 1,000 casualties, the Prussians inflicted losses of 3,000 men and 13 guns on the French and Saxons.[25]

Napoleon was livid at Oudinot's poor showing and demoted him to the leadership of the XII Corps. The new army commander Marshal Ney was ordered to march east from Wittenberg to Baruth south of Berlin.[26] Ney assumed command on 3 September and put his 58,000-man army in motion on the 5th. That day there was a sharp fight at Zahna in which Oudinot's corps drove Tauentzien's troops out of the town. As at Grossbeeren, the III Cavalry Corps was distributed among the different units of the army. Fournier accompanied XII Corps and Lorge marched with IV Corps.[27] The Battle of Dennewitz began at 11:00 AM on 6 September when a IV Corps infantry division, supported by Lorge and a second infantry division, attacked Tauentzien north of Dennewitz. At first the French were successful but the arrival of Bülow's corps from the west forced back Lorge and the IV Corps. The VII Corps came on the field at 1:00 PM and became involved in a see-saw combat at the village of Golsdorf on the left flank. The XII Corps belatedly arrived on the left flank starting at 3:00 PM. Just as the French began gaining ground on the left, Ney ordered the XII Corps to the right to support the badly shaken IV Corps. Though he could see it was a mistake, Oudinot obeyed the letter of his orders and marched off. Bülow, now supported by Swedish and Russian reinforcements, renewed his attack and broke through. The VII Corps might have been totally destroyed but for a "timely charge" by Defrance's cuirassiers. Even so, the battle was a disaster for the Imperial French forces whose flight also carried away the barely-engaged XII Corps. Ney lost 22,000 casualties, mostly prisoners, and 53 guns. Allied casualties at Zahna, Dennewitz, and the pursuit amounted to 10,500, almost all of them Prussian.[28]

In subsequent operations, Lorge's division was detached from its parent corps. While Arrighi's corps continued to operate with Ney's northern army, by 27 September 1813 Lorge was guarding the rear of Napoleon's armies.[29] A few days later, Lorge had 1,500 troopers and six guns near Leipzig while Arrighi's other two divisions counted 2,500 horsemen and six artillery pieces.[30] About this time, Arrighi was appointed governor of Leipzig, but it is not stated who commanded the corps.[31] At the Battle of Leipzig on 16 October, Lorge was held back to guard Leipzig, Fournier was with the III Corps, Defrance was with the VII Corps except General of Brigade Jean Charles Quinette de Cernay whose brigade was with the IV Corps. On the 17th the divisions of Fournier and Lorge were driven back by Russian cavalry, losing 500 casualties and five guns.[32] When the Saxons defected from Napoleon's army on 18 October, the troopers of Defrance's nearby division cheered them, believing that their allies were launching an attack.[33] At 4:00 PM, the I, III, and V Cavalry Corps were withdrawn from the battlefield.[34]

The 5th Dragoon Regiment of Defrance's division was engaged at the Battle of Hanau on 30–31 October 1813.[35] On 23 November, Arrighi's III Corps was stationed at Bonn on the Rhine River, with its left wing at Cologne and its right wing at Koblenz.[36] By 1 December the corps was shifted northward so that it guarded the Rhine between Wesel and Andernach.[37] Historian Digby Smith's catalog of Napoleonic War battles does not list the corps in any major actions during 1814.[38] However, the III Cavalry Corps under Arrighi and the IV Cavalry Corps under Sébastiani served in Marshal Jacques MacDonald's command during the first week of February 1814. After being defeated at Chouilly on the 6th, Arrighi's corps numbered no more than 500 sabers.[39]

1815

Black and white print shows a round-faced man in an early 1800s military uniform, with high collar and much gold braid.
Samuel François Lhéritier

During the Hundred Days, Napoleon reorganized the III Cavalry Corps and appointed General of Division François Étienne de Kellermann commander. There were two divisions led by Generals of Division Samuel-François Lhéritier and Nicolas-François Roussel d'Hurbal. Each division consisted of two brigades of two regiments each. Lhéritier's division had one dragoon and one cuirassier brigade while Roussel's division had one cuirassier and one carabinier brigade (see Orders of Battle: 1815).[40] At the beginning of the campaign, the corps counted 3,245 horsemen, 309 gunners, and 12 artillery pieces.[41] It is likely that the 11th Cuirassier Regiment was not outfitted with cuirasses during the campaign, but wore blue coats instead.[42]

At the Battle of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815, the only units engaged were the 8th and 11th Cuirassier Regiments.[43] Marshal Ney, seeing his chances to win the battle slipping away, ordered Kellermann to charge with his lone available brigade at 5:00 PM. An amazed Kellermann asked Ney to repeat the order but the marshal brushed him off. It was normal for a cavalry charge to start at a walk and work up to a gallop. To prevent his troopers from flinching at the long odds against them, Kellermann ordered the heavy cavalrymen into an immediate gallop. The French scored a quick success against the 69th Foot.[44] The commander of the 69th spotted the cuirassiers approaching and ordered the regiment into square. However, the officer in charge of the grenadier company ignored the order so that his men could fire on the cavalry. The horsemen quickly penetrated the gap and cut down many of the infantrymen before they could run away.[45] The 8th Cuirassiers captured one of the colors belonging to the 69th. Seeing the disaster, the 33rd Foot and 73rd Foot panicked and fled to the safely of a nearby wood, while the 30th Foot formed into a square and retired in good order.[46] The cuirassiers found themselves in possession of the hamlet of Quatre Bras but were not destined to hold it for long. Fired on by close-range artillery and musketry, the horsemen turned and raced back to the French lines. Kellermann's horse was shot down and he only escaped by grasping the bits of two of his troopers' horses.[47]

The entire III Cavalry Corps fought at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June.[48] Shortly before 4:00 PM, Ney ordered a brigade of the IV Cavalry Corps to launch a charge. By some mistake the entire corps plus the Imperial Guard light cavalry joined the assault. The massed attacks failed in the face of Anglo-Allied infantry squares, artillery fire, and cavalry counterattacks.[49] Napoleon ordered Kellermann to help disengage his mauled cavalry formations. As happened with the earlier order, events spiralled out of control when Lhéritier and Roussel sent their heavy cavalrymen into the charge without waiting for orders from their corps commander. Though the new attacks were bravely repeated, they failed to break the Anglo-Allied lines. By 6:00 PM the splendid regiments of French heavy cavalry were no longer battle-worthy.[50] Nevertheless, they could still inflict losses on badly-deployed Allied formations. At some time in the afternoon, a body of cuirassiers rode down the 8th King's German Legion Infantry Battalion while it was advancing in line formation near La Haye Sainte. The battalion was destroyed as an effective unit and a companion battalion, the 5th, only escaped by rapidly forming square and retreating.[51]

Orders of Battle

Borodino 1812

Black and white print of a balding man with heavy-lidded eyes. He wears an elaborate military uniform with high collar, sash, and epaulettes
Emmanuel Grouchy

III Cavalry Corps: General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy

  • 3rd Light Cavalry Division: General of Division Louis Pierre Aimé Chastel
    • Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Pierre Edme Gauthrin
      • 6th Hussar Regiment (three squadrons)
      • 8th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (four squadrons)
    • Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade François Joseph Gerard
      • 6th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (three squadrons)
      • 25th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (three squadrons)
    • Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Jean-Baptiste Dommanget
      • 1st Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiment (four squadrons)
      • 2nd Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiment (four squadrons)
      • Prinz Albrecht Saxon Chevau-léger Regiment (four squadrons)
  • 6th Heavy Cavalry Division: General of Division Armand Lebrun de La Houssaye
    • Heavy Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Nicolas Marin Thiry
      • 7th Dragoon Regiment (three squadrons)
      • 23rd Dragoon Regiment (three squadrons)
    • Heavy Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Denis Étienne Seron
      • 28th Dragoon Regiment (three squadrons)
      • 30th Dragoon Regiment (three squadrons)
  • Corps Artillery:
    • 4th Company/1st Horse Artillery Regiment (6 guns) Attached to Chastel
    • 4th Company/6th Horse Artillery Regiment (6 guns) Attached to Houssaye
    • 5th Company/6th Horse Artillery Regiment (6 guns) Attached to Houssaye

Source: Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. p. 391. ISBN 1-85367-276-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Source: "Order of Battle of Borodino". napolun.com. 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2013.

Leipzig 1813

Painting of a clean-shaven young man with a cleft chin and dark hair. He wears a high-collared blue uniform with many military decorations.
Jean-Toussaint Arrighi

III Cavalry Corps: General of Division Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova (4,000)

  • 4th Heavy Cavalry Division: General of Division Jean-Marie Defrance
    • Horse Artillery: (1/2 battery)
    • 1st Brigade: General of Brigade Jacques Philippe Avice
      • 4th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 5th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 12th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 14th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
    • 2nd Brigade: General of Brigade Jean Charles Quinette de Cernay
      • 16th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 17th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 21st Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 26th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 27th Dragoon Regiment (one squadron)
      • 13th Cuirassier Regiment (one squadron)
  • 5th Light Cavalry Division: General of Division Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge
    • Horse Artillery: (1/2 battery)
    • 12th Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Charles Claude Jacquinot
      • 5th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (two squadrons)
      • 10th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (two squadrons)
      • 13th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (two squadrons)
    • 13th Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Jean Baptiste Gabriel Merlin
      • 15th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (one squadron)
      • 21st Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (one squadron)
      • 22nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (two squadrons)
  • 6th Light Cavalry Division: General of Division François Fournier-Sarlovèze
    • Horse Artillery: (1/2 battery)
    • 9th Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Pierre Mourier
      • 29th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (one squadron)
      • 31st Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment (one squadron)
      • 1st Hussar Regiment (one squadron)
    • 10th Light Cavalry Brigade: General of Brigade Auguste Jean Ameil
      • 2nd Hussar Regiment (one squadron)
      • 4th Hussar Regiment (one squadron)
      • 12th Hussar Regiment (one squadron)

Source: Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. pp. 462–463. ISBN 1-85367-276-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Waterloo 1815

Painting of a man with curly hair, round eyes, and sideburns. He wears a high-collared blue uniform loaded with military decorations.
François de Kellermann

III Cavalry Corps: General of Division François Étienne de Kellermann (3,245 cavalry, 309 artillery)

Source: Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1974). Uniforms of Waterloo. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books. pp. 182–187. ISBN 0-88254-283-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Notes

  1. ^ Chandler, David G. (1966). The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York, NY: Macmillan. p. 1111. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Note that a typographical error named Doumerc's as the 5th Division.
  2. ^ Zamoyski, Adam (2005). Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March. New York, NY: Harper Collins. pp. 154–158. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  3. ^ Zamoyski (2005), p. 166
  4. ^ Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. p. 386. ISBN 1-85367-276-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  5. ^ Coates-Wright, Philipp (1987). Chandler, David G. (ed.). Napoleon's Marshals. New York, NY: Macmillan. pp. 133–134. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ Smith (1998), p. 396. Smith lists the 4th, 7th, and 13th Cuirassiers at Second Polotsk but the 4th, 7th, and 14th Cuirassiers at the Berezina. The 13th is probably a misprint because it served in Spain under Louis-Gabriel Suchet.
  7. ^ Smith (1998), p. 391
  8. ^ Zamoyski (2005), pp. 278–279
  9. ^ Mullié, Charles (1852). Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 a 1850. Paris. p. 149. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Smith (1998), p. 395
  11. ^ Zamoyski (2005), p. 349
  12. ^ Smith (1998), p. 399
  13. ^ Zamoyski (2005), pp. 471–473
  14. ^ Smith (1998), p. 406
  15. ^ Broughton, Tony (2000). "French Dragoons and the Colonels who Led Them: 1792 to 1815: 1st – 10th Regiments". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  16. ^ Zamoyski (2005), p. 540
  17. ^ Chandler (1966), p. 853
  18. ^ Petre, F. Loraine (1912). Napoleon's Last Campaign in Germany, 1813. New York: John Lane Company. p. 15.
  19. ^ Maude, Frederic Natusch (1908). The Leipzig Campaign 1813. New York: The Macmillan Co. p. 86.
  20. ^ Maude (1908), p. 124
  21. ^ Chandler (1966), p. 901-902
  22. ^ Maude (1908), p. 148,
  23. ^ Smith (1998), pp. 462–463
  24. ^ Petre (1912), pp. 170–173
  25. ^ Petre (1912), pp. 260–263
  26. ^ Petre (1912), p. 269
  27. ^ Petre (1912), pp. 271–272
  28. ^ Petre (1912), pp. 273–276
  29. ^ Maude (1908), p. 227
  30. ^ Maude (1908), pp. 233–234
  31. ^ Petre (1912), p. 300
  32. ^ Petre (1912), pp. 354–355
  33. ^ Petre (1912), p. 365
  34. ^ Petre (1912), p. 368
  35. ^ Smith (1998), p. 474
  36. ^ Leggiere, Michael (2007). The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813–1814. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 104. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  37. ^ Leggiere (2007), p. 111
  38. ^ Smith (1998), pp. 489–527
  39. ^ Weil, Maurice (2012). "The Campaign of 1814: Chapter 8, Part 2". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  40. ^ Haythornthwaite, Philip (1974). Uniforms of Waterloo. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books. pp. 182–183. ISBN 0-88254-283-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  41. ^ Haythornthwaite (1974), p. 187
  42. ^ Haythornthwaite (1974), p. 144
  43. ^ Smith (1998), p. 537
  44. ^ Chandler (1966), p. 1052
  45. ^ Balkoski, Joseph (1979). "Ney vs. Wellington: The Battle of Quatre Bras". Strategy and Tactics (74). Simulations Publications Inc.: 10.
  46. ^ Haythornthwaite (1974), p. 11
  47. ^ Chandler (1966), p. 1053
  48. ^ Smith (1998), p. 539
  49. ^ Chandler (1966), pp. 1081–1082
  50. ^ Chandler (1966), pp. 1084–1085
  51. ^ Haythornthwaite (1974), p. 112

References

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