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House of Ibelin

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The Ibelin coat of arms.

Ibelin was a castle in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century (at modern Yavne, 31°49′12″N 34°42′47″E / 31.820°N 34.713°E / 31.820; 34.713), which gave its name to an important family of nobles.

The castle

The site of Ibelin had been occupied since ancient times; the Romans called it Iamnia. The crusader castle was built in 1141 between Jaffa and Ascalon, near Montgisard and Ramla. At that time Ascalon was still controlled by Fatimid Egypt, and Egyptian armies marched out every year from Ascalon to attack the crusader kingdom. Ibelin was constructed in order to contain these attacks to a smaller area. The original castle, built by King Fulk of Jerusalem, had four towers.

The family: first and second generations

The Ibelin family rose from relatively humble origins to become one of the most important noble families in the Crusader states of Jerusalem and Cyprus. The family claimed to be descended from the Le Puiset viscounts of Chartres, but this appears to be a later fabrication. They were more probably from Pisa Italy, the name 'Barisan' being found in Tuscany and Liguria related to Azzopardi family. Its first known member Barisan was apparently a knight in service of the Count of Jaffa and in the 1110s became constable of Jaffa. As reward for his capable and loyal service, around 1122 he married Helvis, heiress of the nearby lordship of Ramla.

Barisan was given the castle of Ibelin in 1141 by King Fulk as a reward for his loyalty during the revolt of his then master Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, in 1134. Ibelin was part of County of Jaffa, which was annexed to the royal domain after Hugh's unsuccessful revolt. Barisan's marriage with Helvis produced Hugh, Baldwin, Barisan, Ermengarde, and Stephanie. The younger Barisan came to be known as Balian. Along with Ibelin, the family then held Ramla (inherited from Helvis), and the youngest son Balian received the lordship of Nablus when he married Maria Comnena, the Dowager Queen. Balian was the last to hold these territories as they all fell to Saladin in 1187.

The family underwent a remarkable rise in status in only two generations. In the circumstances of the crusader kingdom, this rapid rise, noblesse nouveau, was not as difficult as it would have been in Europe. In Crusader Palestine, individuals and whole families tended to die much sooner and replacements were needed.

The 13th century Ibelins

Balian's descendants were among the most powerful nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus. Balian's first son John of Ibelin, the "Old Lord of Beirut", was the leader of the opposition to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, when the emperor tried to impose imperial authority over the crusader states. The family briefly regained control of the castle of Ibelin in 1241 in the aftermath of Frederick's Sixth Crusade, when certain territories were returned to the Christians by treaty. John had numerous children with Melisende of Arsuf, including Balian, lord of Beirut; Baldwin, seneschal of Cyprus; another John, lord of Arsuf and constable of Jerusalem; and Guy, constable of Cyprus. This Balian was married to Eschiva of Montbéliard and was the father of John II of Beirut, who married the daughter of Guy I of la Roche, duke of Athens. John of Arsuf was the father of Balian of Arsuf, who married Plaisance of Antioch. Guy the constable was the father of Isabella, who married Hugh III of Cyprus.

Balian of Ibelin's second son Philip was regent of Cyprus while his niece, the widowed Queen Alice, needed help to govern. With Alice of Montbéliard, Philip was the father of John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa and Ascalon, regent of Jerusalem, and author of the Assizes of the Haute Cour of Jerusalem, the most important legal document from the crusader kingdom. John married Maria, sister of Hethum I of Armenia, and was the father of James, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and also a noted jurist; and of Guy, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and husband of his cousin Maria, Hethum's daughter.

Several members of the family went to the new kingdom of Cyprus at the beginning of the 13th century. Most of the rest moved there as the mainland kingdom was lost piece by piece. No members of the Ibelin family seem to have gone to any other country during this period. At this time, some of the Embriaco lords of Gibelet, relatives of the Ibelins, also took the name of "Ibelin" because of their common maternal descent.

Despite the family's modest origins on the paternal side, the Ibelins during the 13th–15th centuries were among the highest nobility in the Kingdom of Cyprus, producing brides for younger sons, grandsons and brothers of kings (though the kings and eldest sons tended to find more royal wives). As some of these cadet princes unexpectedly rose to the kingship, Ibelin daughters were sometimes queens. Ibelins lived among and married into the highest circles of Cyprus, among such families as Montfort, Dampierre, ducal Brunswick, (Antioch-)Lusignan, Montbeliard, and Gibelet(-Ibelins). They married also into other branches of Ibelins. They also had loftier ancestors: Maria Comnena was from the Byzantine imperial Comnenus dynasty, and was descended from the kings of Georgia, Bulgaria, ancient Armenia, Parthia, Persia and Syria.

When the Kingdom of Cyprus was destroyed in the 15th century, the Ibelins apparently also lost their lands and positions (and the family possibly went extinct) — the sources, at least, no longer mention them. Descendants of the Ibelins, through the royal family of Cyprus, include several royal families of modern Europe, since their descendant Anne, Duchess of Savoy, daughter of Janus of Cyprus, was, for example, the ancestor of the Dukes of Savoy, the La Tremoille princes of Talmond and Taranto, the Longueville family, the princes of Monaco, the electors of Bavaria, the Farnese of Parma, the last Valois kings of France, the Dukes of Lorraine, the Habsburg-Lorraines, the Bourbons of Navarre and France, and, as their progeny, practically all Catholic royalty in recent centuries.

Lords of Ibelin

Family tree

  • Barisan of Ibelin m. Helvis of Ramla
    • Hugh of Ibelin m. Agnes of Courtenay
    • Baldwin of Ibelin m. Richilde of Bethsan
    • Balian of Ibelin m. Maria Comnena
      • Helvis
      • John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut m. Melisende of Arsuf
        • Balian, lord of Beirut m. Eschiva of Montbéliard
        • Isabella, married Hugh III of Cyprus
          • Guy of Lusignan, married Eschiva of Ibelin, lady of Beirut, father of Hugh IV of Cyprus.
        • John, lord of Arsuf, constable of Jerusalem, married Alice of Cayphas
          • Balian, lord of Arsuf married Plaisance of Antioch (childless), then Lucie de Cenechy
            • Jean of Ibelin, married Isabella of Ibelin
              • Balian of Ibelin, lord of Arsuf
        • Baldwin, seneschal of Cyprus m. Alice de Bethsan, daughter of Theodora Komnena
          • Jean d'Ibelin m. Isabelle du Rivet, daughter of Aimery du Rivet and Eschiva de St. Omer of Galilee
            • Baudouin d'Ibelin lord of Korakou-Vitzada m. Marguerite d'Embriac de Gibelet
              • Isabelle d'Ibelin m. Guy II d'Ibelin, mother of Alice of Ibelin (second wife of king Hugh IV)
          • Philip of Ibelin, constable of Cyprus
        • Guy, constable of Cyprus, married Philippa Berlais
          • Baldwin of Ibelin, bailiff of Jerusalem
          • Balian of Ibelin, seneschal of Cyprus, married Alice of Lampron (Armenia)
            • Isabella, married Jean of Ibelin, lorf of Arsuf
            • Guy II of Ibelin, married Isabella of Ibelin
          • Philip of Ibelin, seneschal of Jerusalem, married Marie Embriaco de Gibelet
            • Isabella, married Ferdinand of Majorca, then Hugh of Ibelin, count of Jaffa
            • Helvis, married Henry of Brunswick
              • Philip of Brunswick, constable of Cyprus, married Helvis of Dampierre, daughter of Eudo of Dampierre
                • John of Brunswick, Admiral of Cyprus
                • Helvis of Brunswick, married James I of Cyprus, mother of Janus of Cyprus
      • Margaret
      • Philip of Ibelin, married Alice of Montbéliard
        • John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa and Ascalon, married Maria of Armenia
          • James of Ibelin, count of Jaffa
          • Guy of Ibelin, count of Jaffa
            • Hugh of Ibelin, count of Jaffa, married Isabella of Ibelin
              • Balian of Ibelin, count of Jaffa
              • Guy of Ibelin, count of Jaffa
                • Jean of Ibelin, count of Jaffa
                • Marie of Ibelin, heiress of the titular county of Jaffa, married Renier LePetit, titular count of Jaffa
            • Mary of Ibelin m. King Hugh IV
          • numerous others
        • Maria
    • Ermengarde, married William of Bures, Prince of Galilee
    • Stephanie

Sources

  • William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, trans. Columbia University Press, 1943.
  • Peter W. Edbury, John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Boydell Press, 1997.
  • H. E. Mayer, "Carving Up Crusaders: The Early Ibelins and Ramlas", in Outremer: Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1982.
  • Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades. Cambridge University Press, 1951-53.
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