Ikhwan raids on Transjordan
| Ikhwan raids on Transjordan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Unification of Saudi Arabia | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ikhwan ('Utaybah tribe) |
| ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Eqab bin Mohaya was the leader in 1922, and he also was the head of his tribe (Talhah) | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
1,500 raiders (1922) 3,000-4,000[1] or 4,500[2] camel raiders | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 500+[2] killed (1924) | 130 tribesmen killed or wounded (1924)[1] | ||||||
|
Population of two small villages massacred[3] | |||||||
Ikhwan raids on Transjordan were a series of plunders by the Ikhwan, irregular Arab tribesmen of Najd, on Transjordan between 1922 and 1924. The repeated Wahhabi incursions from Najd into southern parts of his territory were the most serious threat to emir Abdullah's position in Transjordan.[4] The emir was powerless to repel those raids by himself, thus the British maintained a military base, with a small air force, at Marka, close to Amman.[4] The British military force was the primary obstacle against the Ikhwan, helping emir Abdullah to secure his rule over Transjordan.[4]
Background
With the defeat of the Hashemites in the Nejd-Hejaz War of 1919, and a failure to establish a Hashemite domain over greater Syria, the British hoped to secure Transjordan and Iraq as Hashemite Kingdoms, and did put a significant effort to secure them from external and internal threats. The military assistance of the British to emir Abdullah of Transjordan was used to help with the suppression of local rebellions at Kura and later by Sultan Adwan, in 1921 and 1923 respectively. They also played a crucial role in the major invasions by the Wahhabi tribesmen of Nejd (the Ikhwan).
First major raid
The Ikhwan initiated their first attack on Transjordan by massacring two villages 12 miles south of Amman belonging to the tribe of Bani Sakhr. In a two-day battle, the tribesmen of Bani Sakhr assisted by the Hadid tribe managed to defeat the raiders.[5] The raiders were intercepted by British armored cars and planes only after they had began to withdraw.[3]
Second major raid
In August 1924, a larger Ikhwan militia force, numbering some 4,500 raiders,[2] travelled 1,600 kilometers from Najd (in modern-day Saudi Arabia) to attack Transjordan, which was at that time under British protectorate. 15 kilometers south of Amman, the raiders engaged again with the villages of Bani Sakhr when they were attacked by the British RAF using airplanes. The Ikhwan army suffered heavy casualties, with death toll reaching 500.[2] The raided villages suffered 130 dead.
Aftermath
Other raids of Ikhwan occurred during the 1927–1930 Ikhwan Revolt against the authority of Ibn Saud. The Ikhwanis raided on southern Iraq in November 1927, and on Kuwait in January 1928, in which they looted camels and sheep. On both occasions, though they raided brutally, they suffered heavy retaliations from RAF and Kuwaitis.[6] The Ikhwan were eventually defeated by Ibn Saud's regular forces and their leadership slain. The remants were incorporated into regular Saudi units.
See also
- Sultan bin Najad
- Kuwait-Najd Border War
- Saudi Arabian National Guard
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
References
- ^ a b c Eilon, J.B.; Alon, Y. (2007). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I. B. Tauris. p. 56. ISBN 9781845111380. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
- ^ a b c d Noel Joseph Guckian. British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Ph.D Thesis: pp.217-218. May 1985.
- ^ a b Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M.E.Sharpe, 1994: p.143
- ^ a b c Salibi, Kamal S. The modern history of Jordan. p. 104
- ^ Joab B. Eilon, Yoav Alon (2007-04-15). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I.B.Tauris. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- ^ Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M.E.Sharpe, 1994: p.45