Ilm-ud-Din

Ilm-ud-Din عِلم الدین
Born	4 December, 1908 Lahore, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)
Died	31 October, 1929 (aged 21) Central Jail Mianwali, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)
Resting place	Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)

Ilm-ud-din (4 December 1908 – 31 October 1929) was a Muslim who murdered a book publisher named Mahashe Rajpal for publishing the book Rangila Rasul, which offended religious sentiments of Muslims. For this his name is often mentioned in Muslim sources with the honorifics Ghazi and Shaheed.

Background

In 1923 Rajpal published an anonymous pamphlet titled Rangila Rasul, which contained a recension of hadiths from Bukhari, among other sources, along with an allegedly salacious commentary. Rangila Rasul had a surface appearance of a lyrical and laudatory work on Muhammad and his teachings, for example it began with a poem which went "The bird serves the flowers in the garden; I'll serve my Rangila Rasul," and called Muhammad "a widely experienced" person who was best symbolized by his many wives, in contrast with the Brahmacarya of Hindu saints.

Various sections of the Indian Muslim community started a movement demanding that the book be banned. In 1927, the administration of the British Raj enacted a law prohibiting insults aimed at founders and leaders of religious communities.

Murder

Ilm-ud-din lived in Lahore in British India, where he worked in his father's carpentry shop. He and a friend, Abdul Rasheed, were passing the Wazir Khan Mosque when they witnessed a crowd shouting slogans against Mahashe Rajpal. Ilm-ud-din decided that he would kill Rajpal with a dagger. He bought a dagger, hid it in his clothing and stabbed Rajpal at his shop on 6 September 1929. He did not make any attempts to escape and handed himself over to the police pleading guilty of the crime.

Ilm-ud-din was sent to Mianwali Jail, in Punjab Province, on 4 October 1929.

Trial and execution

The trial lawyer for Ilm-ud-din was Farrukh Hussain. Ilm-ud-din admitted openly that he was guilty and was of view that he murdered in full conscience. Two witnesses from the prosecution side also claimed that he was guilty. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a prominent Indian lawyer, and later the founder of Pakistan, was then sought to appear in the appeal at the Lahore High Court. Jinnah appealed on the grounds of extenuating circumstances, saying that Ilm-ud-din was a man of 19 or 20 who was affected by feelings of veneration for the founder of his faith. He asked for the death sentence to be commuted to transportation for life. This contention was rejected. Ilm-ud-din was convicted and given the death penalty according to the Indian Penal Code.

Jinnah, who was at the time considered an ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity, was criticised by a Hindi newspaper, Pratap, which claimed that this would be a blow to Jinnah's prestige amongst the Hindus. It bears remembering that Jinnah himself had sat on the select committee for the bill that introduced 295-A to Indian Penal Code for which Jinnah sounded a warning that the law might be used to stifle dissent and academic criticism of religion.

Execution

Ilm-ud-din was hanged and then buried without the funeral prayer (Janazah) in front of the jail. Intervention of scholars such as Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Mian Amiruddin and Mian Abdul Aziz caused the Muslims to be allowed to retrieve his body for reburial in Lahore on 14 November 1929. Some sources said that more than six lakh (6,00,000+) Muslims participated in Ilm-ud-din's funeral prayer which led by the Imam of Wazeer Khan Mosque, Imam Muhammed Shamsuddeen. Mawlana Zafar Ali Khan said ahead of the burial: “Alas! If only if I had managed to attain such a blessed status!” Muhammad Iqbal carried the funeral bier along its final journey. As Allama Iqbal placed the body of Ilm -ud-Din into the grave, he tearfully declared: “This uneducated young man has surpassed us, the educated ones.”