Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom
Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryūkyū Kingdom were diplomatic missions which were intermittently sent by the Yuan, Ming and Qing emperors to Shuri, Okinawa in the Ryūkyū Islands. These diplomatic contacts were within the Sinocentric system of bilateral and multinational relationships in East Asia.
Some missions were sent to perform investiture ceremonies for the King of Ryūkyū, formally acknowledging him as King on behalf of the Chinese Imperial Court, and as a tributary subordinate.
The Envoys in Shuri
Shuri was the royal capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. It is today part of the city of Naha, Okinawa).
Upon the accession of a new king, the news was generally communicated to the Chinese capital, along with a petition for investiture, by a formal Ryukyuan tribute mission. Following the 1609 invasion of Ryukyu, beginning with the succession of Shō Hō, Satsuma Domain also had to be notified and asked for approval and confirmation of the new king.[1]
Chinese envoys would then be dispatched - sometimes quite quickly, sometimes not until over a decade later - arriving in ships called ukwanshin (御冠船, lit. "Crown Ships") in Okinawan. The mission would usually consist of two official envoy ships, separate crafts carrying the chief envoy and his deputy, as some uncertainty accompanied the journey;[2] these would be accompanied by a number of merchant ships. During Japan's Edo period, an agent from Satsuma known as a kansen bugyō (冠船奉行, "Investiture (Crown) Ships Magistrate") would be sent down to Ryūkyū to supervise the exchanges and interactions between Chinese and Ryukyuan officials, albeit from somewhat of a distance, given the policy of hiding Satsuma's involvement in Ryūkyū from the Chinese.[3]
Envoys generally stayed in Ryūkyū for four to eight months,[4] and were extensively entertained by the Ryukyuan royal court. A number of structures built for this purpose, including the Ryūtan pond and the Hokuden (North Hall) of Shuri Castle, can still be seen today on the castle grounds. The total Chinese entourage generally numbered between 300 and 800 people, and hosting and entertaining the Chinese envoys was an extremely expensive endeavor for the Ryukyuan court.[2]
A "Dance Magistrate (踊奉行, odori bugyō, O: udui bugyō)" oversaw these entertainments; kumi odori, a traditional form of Ryukyuan dance-drama, was first created and performed for entertaining an investiture envoy and his fellows, in 1719.[5]
Timeline of Missions
King Satto became, in 1372, the first Ryukyuan king to submit to Chinese suzerainty.[6] Beginning with the investiture of Satto's successor, Bunei, in 1404,[7] twenty-two such missions traveled to Ryūkyū in total,[4] the last in 1866, for the investiture of Shō Tai[8]
| Year | Emperor of China | Chinese envoys | Ryūkyū king | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1373 | Jianwen | Yang Zai [9] | Satto | mission purpose is to bring islands into Sinitic system.[9] |
| 1404 | Yongle | Shi Zhong [9] | Bunei | investiture (cefeng) mission confirms Bunei as king in Ryūkyū.[7] |
| 1415 | Yongle | Chen Xiuro [9] | Shō Shishō | |
| 1427 | Xuande | Chai Shan; Ruan Jian [9] | Shō Hashi | |
| 1443 | Zhengtong | Yu Bian; Liu Xun [9] | Shō Shitatsu | |
| 1448 | Zhengtong | Chen Chuan; Wan Xiang [9] | Shō Shitatsu | |
| 1452 | Jingtai | Qiao Yi; Tong Shouhong [9] | Shō Kinpuku | |
| 1456 | Jingtai | Yan Cheng; Liu Jian [9] | Shō Taikyū | |
| 1464 | Chenghua | Pang Rong; Cai Zhe [9] | Shō Toku | |
| 1472 | Hongzhi | Guang Rong;[9] Han Wen [10] | Shō En | installation of the new king.[10] |
| 1479 | Hongzhi | Dong Min and Zhang Xiang [9] | Shō Shin | |
| 1534 | Jaijing | Chen Kan; Gao Cheng [9] | Shō Sei | mission encompassed a retinue of over 200 persons travelling in two ships which were specially constructed for this diplomatic purpose. The ambassador recorded details of the voyage and the reception the Chinese encountered in Shuri, the capital of the kingdom. This book, Shi Liu-ch'iu lu (Chinese: 使琉球錄), still exists in transcription Chinese, Japanese and Korean versions.[11] |
| 1561 | Jaijing | Guo Rulin; Li Jichun [9] | Shō Gen | |
| 1576 | Wanli | Shō Ei | Hseieh Chieh was a member of the 1576 mission to the Ryukyu Islands. He published an account of his experiences.[12]> | |
| 1579 | Wanli | Xiao Chongye; Xie Jie [9] | Shō Ei | |
| 1606 | Wanli | Xia Ziyang; Wang Zizhen [9] | Shō Nei | |
| 1633 | Chongzhen | Du Sance; Yang Lun [9] | Shō Hō | investitutre of king |
| 1683 | Kangxi | Shō Tei | investitutre of king.[7] | |
| 1719 | Kangxi | Shō Kei | Kumi odori, a new form of dance-drama, created by Tamagusuku Chōkun for the entertainment of the Chinese envoys, is first performed for the envoys for the investiture of King Shō Kei.[5] | |
| 1757 | Qianlong | Quan Kui; Chou Huang [13] | Shō Boku | Chou Huang compiles the Ryūkyū-koku shiryaku (Chinese: 琉球國志略), an account of Ryukyuan history and customs based on the records and reports of earlier Chinese envoys, Ryukyuan records, and Chou's own observations[13] |
| 1866 | Tongzhi | Shō Tai | final investiture mission confirms Shō Tai as King of Ryūkyū.[8] |
In the late 19th century, the Sinocentric tributary state system was superseded by the Westphalian multi-state system.[14]
See also
- Ryukyuan missions to Edo
- Japanese missions to Ryūkyū Kingdom
- Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China
- Foreign relations of Imperial China
- Ryukyuan missions to Joseon
- Joseon missions to Ryūkyū Kingdom
Notes
- ^ Kerr, George. (2000). Okinawa: The History of an Island People, p. 185., p. 185, at Google Books
- ^ a b Kerr, p. 181., p. 181, at Google Books
- ^ Matsuda, Mitsugu. The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Gushikawa: Yui Publishing, Co., 2001. pp46-47.
- ^ a b "Sappôshi." Okinawa konpakuto jiten (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia"). 1 March 2003. Accessed 7 November 2009.
- ^ a b Foley, Kathy. "Kumi Odori's Historical Context and Performance Practice." in Ryukyu Geino: The Legacy of Kin Ryosho. Jimpu Kai USA Kin Ryosho Ryukyu Geino Kenkyusho Hawaii Shibu, 2008. pp45-56.
- ^ Kerr, p. 65., p. 65, at Google Books
- ^ a b c Shinzato, Keiji et al. Okinawa ken no rekishi (沖縄県の歴史, "History of Okinawa Prefecture"). Tokyo: Yamakawa Publishers, 1996. Appendix: Chronology.
- ^ a b Kerr, p. 352., p. 352, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations, p. 46. at Google Books
- ^ a b Goodrich, L. Carrington et al. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644, Vol. I, p. 498., p. 498, at Google Books
- ^ Goodrich, p. 85., p. 85, at Google Books
- ^ Goodrich, p. 546., p. 546, at Google Books
- ^ a b Hirata, Tsugumasa (trans.). Chou, Huang. Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku. Tokyo: San-ichi Shobô, 1977. pp. 1-2.
- ^ Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, p. 160., p. 160, at Google Books
References
- Goodrich, Luther Carrington and Zhaoying Fang. (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. I; Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 (明代名人傳), Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press. 10-ISBN 0231038011/13-ISBN 9780231038010; 10-ISBN 023103833X/13-ISBN 9780231038331; OCLC 1622199
- Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. New York : Columbia University Press. 13-ISBN 9780231153188/10-ISBN 023115318X; 13-ISBN 9780231526746/13-ISBN 0231526741; OCLC 562768984
- Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
- Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0824821599/13-ISBN 9780824821593; 10-ISBN 0824824938/10-ISBN 9780824824938; OCLC 170955369
Further reading
- Mizuno, Norihito. (2003). China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations: The Tokugawa Bakufu’s Perception of and Attitudes toward Ming-Qing China, p. 109. excerpt from Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perceptionf of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy fromthe Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004, as cited in Tsutsui, William M. (2009). A Companion to Japanese History, p. 83.
- Toby, Ronald P. (1991). State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 10-ISBN 0-8047-1951-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-8047-1951-3
- Yoda, Yoshiie. (1996). The Foundations of Japan's Modernization: a comparison with China's Path towards Modernization. Leiden: Brill. 10-ISBN 9-004-09999-9/13-ISBN 978-9-004-09999-9; OCLC 246732011