Indefinite imprisonment
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Indefinite imprisonment or indeterminate imprisonment is the imposition of a sentence by imprisonment with no definite period of time set during sentencing.[1] Its length is instead determined during imprisonment based on the inmate's conduct. The inmate can be returned to society or be kept in prison for life.
In theory, an indefinite prison sentence could be very short, or it could be a life sentence if no decision is made after sentencing to lift the term. In many cases, either a minimum term is imposed or the maximum that can be served is the maximum allowable by law in the jurisdiction for the particular offense.
Rationale
The main rationale for imposing indefinite as opposed to fixed sentences is to protect the community. An offender can then be kept behind bars until it is determined the offender would not pose any danger to society.[2]
In some places, indefinite sentences have been around for a long time.[3] In other jurisdictions, they have been introduced more recently.
Australia
Queensland's Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 authorised the continued detention of sex offenders who had served their term of imprisonment. The other Australian states followed with similar legislation.[4]
Tasmania
An offender who is at least 17 years of age and has been convicted of at least two violent or sexual offences can be declared a dangerous offender and detained indeterminately. A judge must consider the potential of future harm that could be caused by the offender, the circumstances of the offenses, medical and psychiatric opinion, and any other matters of relevance. The decision passed by the court is not reviewable; the indeterminate sentence(s) commence upon the expiration of any determinate sentence imposed, and release is only by way of an order from the Supreme Court.
Seven Tasmanian offenders are serving one or more consecutive sentences of indefinite imprisonment as of July 2012.
Western Australia
The Criminal Code Act 1913 (WA) and the Crimes (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Act 1992 (WA) contain provisions for the indeterminate incarceration of youths and adults convicted of particular offenses. The indeterminate sentence(s) commence upon the expiration of any determinate sentence imposed, and are reviewed every three years after that. Release is through a Supreme Court Order or at the discretion of the Governor.
Paedophile Mark Pendleton is currently serving an indefinite sentence to commence on the expiration of 27 years for sexual offences committed against girls between 1977 and 1996, possessing child pornography in his cell, and being the ringleader of a conspiracy with fellow paedophiles to abuse children in Thailand.[5] Another paedophile, Christian Michael Roach, was sentenced to three consecutive indefinite terms to commence on the expiration of 27 years in 2008 for drugging and molesting nine young women and girls and the manslaughter of one of them between 1987 and 1999, but he hanged himself in his cell ten days later.
Northern Territory and South Australia
The Criminal Code Act 1983 (NT) and the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Act 1988 (SA) allow for the indeterminate incarceration of a person who is determined to be a habitual criminal and/or incapable of controlling sexual urges.
In South Australia, the indeterminate sentence(s) commence upon the expiration of any determinate sentence imposed and are reviewed every three years after that. Release is only by way of an order from the Supreme Court.
In the Northern Territory, a prisoner serving an indefinite sentence has a nominal sentence set at half the sentence that would have been imposed if not the prisoner were not dangerous, the nominal sentence, or 20 years (25 years, in some circumstances) if the sentence imposed would have been one or more consecutive sentences of life imprisonment. The indeterminate sentence must be reviewed by the court when the nominal sentence has expired and every three years afterward.
Australian Capital Territory, Queensland and Victoria
The Sentencing Act 2005 (ACT), the Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 (Qld), and the Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic) concern habitual offenders.
An offender can be incarcerated indeterminately if there is a high probability because of the offender's character, nature of offense, psychiatric evidence as to the danger of the defendant and any other relevant circumstances that the offender poses a serious threat to the community. The indeterminate sentence must be reviewed by the court when the nominal sentence has expired and every three years afterward.
The minimum nominal sentence that can be imposed is ten years, but the sentencing judge can extend it if the prisoner's criminal history or the nature of the prisoner's offending warrants it.
The longest nominal sentence of indeterminate imprisonment is 30 years, currently being served by serial pedophile Geoffrey Robert Dobbs (Queensland), who pleaded guilty to 124 sex offences and one count of attempting to pervert the course of justice committed against 63 girls, between one month and 15 years (including five family members), under his care as a teacher and youth leader, from 1972 to 2000.
Canada
In Canada, an inmate classified as a dangerous offender can be given an indefinite prison sentence. That means the offender is at risk for causing a "serious personal injury."[6]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, indefinite imprisonment is called preventive detention and is handed down to individuals convicted of violent or sexual offences (such as sociopathic murderers, serial rapists or recidivist pedophiles) if it is likely that the offender will re-offend if released. Such individuals will not receive parole unless they can demonstrate they no longer pose a threat to the community.
Preventive detention has a minimum period of imprisonment of five years, but the sentencing judge can extend that if the nature of the prisoner's offending or the prisoner's criminal history warrants it.
The longest minimum period of imprisonment on a sentence of preventive detention is the 26 years being served by convicted killer Graeme Burton, who murdered two victims and injured four others between 1992 and 2007.[7] No women have yet been sentenced to preventive detention.
United Kingdom
Imprisonment for public protection was a new form of indefinite sentence that started being used in England and Wales in 2005, in addition to the traditional life sentence.[8] The imprisonment for public protection sentence was abolished in 2012, but offenders already serving that sentence remained in prison.[9]
United States
Some US states have various forms of indefinite sentencing, and many have effective indeterminate sentencing with evaluation-based parole.
Most states have a life sentence without the possibility of parole for crimes of a heinous nature but are not eligible for the death penalty (or as an alternative sentence to the death penalty). The offender will remain incarcerated for life.[10]
The federal prison system has no automatic parole so life imprisonment in the federal system means that the offender will remain incarcerated for life.
See also
References
- ^ The social welfare forum: Official proceedings [of the] annual meeting. Books.google.com. 1886. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ "Can criminal justice decision-makers be relied on to get it right every time?". On Line Opinion. 8 September 2003. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ Klein, Philip (1920). Prison methods in New York state, a contribution to the study of the theory and practice of correctional institutions in New York State. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ Ronken, Carol; Johnston, Hetty (2012). "Balancing Rights: Arguments for indefinite detention of dangerous sex offenders" (PDF). Bravehearts Inc. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^ Paedophile Mark Pendleton sentenced to more jail time for sexually abusing two girls
- ^ "Controversial criminal sent back to prison". CBC News. 2004-07-07. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
- ^ "New Zealand's longest non-parole periods". The New Zealand Herald. 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ Ford, Richard (May 8, 2007). "Indefinite jail terms forecast to treble in the next five years". London: The Times. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
Huge numbers of offenders are being given the jail term, driving upwards the overall number of those in the prison system on indefinite sentences, including life.
- ^ Barnes, Sophie (2012-09-18). "Indeterminate sentences: a 'stain' on the criminal justice system". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "The Truth About Life Without Parole: Condemned to Die in Prison". ACLU of Northern California. Retrieved 2010-01-26.