Paraceratheriidae

Indricotheriines; Temporal range: Middle Eocene to Early Miocene, 47–23 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Reconstructed Paraceratherium skull.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Superfamily:	Rhinocerotoidea
Family:	†Paraceratheriidae; Borissiak, 1923
Genera
	Forstercooperia; Juxia; Paraceratherium; Urtinotherium;
Synonyms
	Paraceratheriinae Osborn, 1923; Baluchitheriinae Osborn, 1923; Indricotheriidae Borissiak, 1939; Forstercooperiidae Kretzoi, 1940; Forstercooperiinae Wood, 1963;

Indricotheriinae is a subfamily of Hyracodontidae, a group of long-limbed, hornless rhinoceroses convergently similar to the sauropod dinosaurs that evolved in the Eocene epoch and continued through to the early Miocene. The earlier hyracodontid species, such as Hyracodon were modest-sized, fast-running, lightly built animals with little similarity to modern rhinos.^[3] However, during the late Eocene and early Oligocene, the indricotherines evolved, and quickly grew to huge sizes.^[4] They flourished in the rainforests of a coastal region that became Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and southwest China, and lived further inland throughout central Asia as well.

The indricotherines reached the peak of their evolution from the middle Oligocene through to the early Miocene, where they had become truly gigantic animals, represented by the specialized genera Indricotherium and Paraceratherium (these genera may be synonymous, but several distinct species probably remain valid). These were some of the largest land mammals that ever lived, equaling the medium-sized sauropod dinosaurs in size. However, they remained confined to central Asia, which at the time was part of a large, lush lowland region. The collision with the Indian subcontinent and the Himalayan uplift led to global cooling, desertification, and the disappearance of forest habitats, which resulted in the extinction of these giant ungulates. Certain unidentified species may have lived in Mongolia, and many other places in Russia.

References and external links

^ ^a ^b ^c Lucas, S.G.; Sobus, J.C. (1989). "The Systematics of Indricotheres". In Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (eds.). The Evolution of Perissodactyls. New York, New York & Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 358–378. ISBN 978-0-19-506039-3. OCLC 19268080.
^ ^a ^b Wood, H.E. (1963). "A Primitive Rhinoceros from the Late Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (2146): 1–12.
^ Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 262–263. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

External links

Hyracodontidae: Indricotheriinae - Mikko's Phylogeny Archive - follows Lucas and Sorbus

[lucas&sobus1989-1] Lucas, S.G.; Sobus, J.C. (1989). "The Systematics of Indricotheres". In Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (eds.). The Evolution of Perissodactyls. New York, New York & Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 358–378. ISBN 978-0-19-506039-3. OCLC 19268080.

[wood1963-2] Wood, H.E. (1963). "A Primitive Rhinoceros from the Late Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (2146): 1–12.

[MamEv-3] Savage, RJG, & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[palmer-4] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 262–263. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]