Inner City Broadcasting Corporation
The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ("ICBC") was an American media company based in New York City. It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans.
History
Inner City was founded in 1970 by a group of prominent African-American New Yorkers active in business and civic affairs. They were led by Percy Sutton, an attorney and a former president of the New York borough of Manhattan; and Clarence Jones, a former publisher of the New York Amsterdam News. Sutton and Jones were joined by over fifty shareholders including legendary disk jockey Hal Jackson; Sutton's fellow "Gang of Four" member David Dinkins, who would later become New York's first African-American mayor; Wilbert (Bill) Tatum, who succeeded Jones as publisher of the Amsterdam News; future New York state senator and comptroller Carl McCall; Betty Shabazz, the widow of Black Muslim minister and civil rights leader Malcolm X, and musicians Billy Taylor and Roberta Flack. Dorothy Brunson, who would later become the first African-American woman to wholly own an American radio station, was an executive at the company during its early years.
WLIB, owned by brothers Harry and Morris S. Novik and programmed to New York's black community, was Inner City's first acquisition, in 1972.[1] The sale included a right of first refusal clause to later acquire sister station WLIB-FM, which was renamed WBLS; Inner City exercised the clause two years later.[2] While WLIB continued largely as a talk radio outlet, WBLS's format transitioned from jazz to a progressive mix of black music, under the slogan "The Total Black Experience in Sound." WBLS would experience a period of tremendous success from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s as it pioneered the urban contemporary format under program director Frankie Crocker, and the profile of Inner City rose with it.
Inner City later purchased radio stations in the Los Angeles area; Detroit; San Antonio, Texas (co-founder Percy Sutton's hometown); the San Francisco Bay Area; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Columbia, South Carolina; and Jackson, Mississippi. Inner City also owned a variety of other media assets, including two cable television joint ventures with Time Warner Cable in New York City and Philadelphia. The company was given the task of running and reviving the Apollo Theater in New York's Harlem.[3] Inner City Broadcasting was also co-producer of the syndicated television variety series It's Showtime at the Apollo.
Recent developments
In 1990 Percy Sutton retired as chairman of the board of Inner City Broadcasting, though he remained as chairman emeritus until his death in 2009. He was succeeded by his son Pierre Sutton, who served in that capacity until the firm's closure.
In 1994, while possessing New York City's WLIB, Inner City purchased Fort Wayne, Indiana's WOWO Radio; both stations broadcast on 1190 kHz. Inner City made this purchase for the sole purpose of turning down the (nighttime) broadcasting power of WOWO, which was at clear-channel categorization for many years. This enabled Inner City's WLIB to improve its radio classification to Class B, primarily for its nighttime broadcasts, and eliminated a huge WOWO audience across much of the eastern United States.
In 1999 Inner City lost control of the Apollo Theatre after an investigation by the New York State Attorney General's office (completed by Eliot Spitzer) found that members of the nonprofit Apollo Theatre Foundation, led by Charles Rangel, retained revenues generated by production of It's Showtime at the Apollo. The final decision resulted in Rangel stepping down as chairman of the foundation; he was replaced by actor Ossie Davis. Time Warner took over operational control of the venue as part of the final decision.[4]
In August 2004, ICBC redeemed nearly $140 million[5] accreted value of redeemable preferred stock in a recapitalization led by GE Capital and Alta Communications, a Boston-based private equity firm.[6] By 2006 Inner City had sold or otherwise disposed of the majority of its investments outside of its core radio stations. The last remaining investment, a 60 percent share in Philadelphia-based Urban Cable Works, was sold in November 2005 to Time Warner Cable.
On August 22, 2011, Inner City's creditors petitioned the United States Bankruptcy Court to force the firm's wholly owned subsidiary, Inner City Media Corporation, to declare Chapter 11 bankruptcy on grounds that the company's executives failed to accept a buyout offer. The filing resulted in majority control of Inner City being taken over by YMF Media LLC, controlled jointly by investor Ronald Burkle and former NBA player Earvin "Magic" Johnson.[7] YMF Media eventually purchased 15 Inner City stations for $180 million on October 19, 2012; the firm then broke up the group in a series of subsequent sales during 2013–2014.
Stations
| AM Stations | FM Stations |
| Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership |
|---|---|---|---|
| San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose | KBLX-FM 102.9 | 1979–2012 | Entercom Communications |
| KVTO 1400 | 1979–2012 | Pham Radio Communication | |
| KVVN 1430 | 1997–2012 | Pham Radio Communication | |
| Los Angeles | KGFJ 1230 (now KYPA) |
Multicultural Broadcasting | |
| KUTE 101.9 (now KSCA) |
1979–1985 | Univision Radio | |
| Miami - Ft. Lauderdale - Hollywood, FL | WSRF 1580 | Niche Radio, Inc. | |
| WSHE 103.5 (now WMIB) |
iHeartMedia, Inc. | ||
| Fort Wayne, Indiana | WOWO 1190 | 1994–1995 | Pathfinder Communications Corporation |
| WOWO-FM 102.9 (now WJCI) |
1994 | Summit City Radio | |
| Detroit | WLBS 102.7 (now WPZR) |
1979–1988 | Radio One |
| Philadelphia | WHAT 1340 | 2000–2006 | Marconi Broadcasting |
| Pittsburgh | WURP 1550 (now WZUM) |
2000–2007 | Business Talk Radio Network |
| San Antonio | KSJL 760 (now KTKR) |
1986–1993 | iHeartMedia, Inc. |
| KSLR/KSAQ/KSJL–FM 96.1 (now KXXM) |
1986–1998 | iHeartMedia, Inc. | |
| New York City | WLIB 1190 | 1972–2012 | Emmis Communications |
| WBLS 107.5 | 1974–2012 | Emmis Communications | |
| Jackson, Mississippi | WJNT 1180 | 2006–2012 | Alpha Media |
| WJQS 1400 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WOAD 1300 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WJMI 99.7 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WKXI-FM 107.5 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WRKS 105.9 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| Columbia, South Carolina | WOIC 1230 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media |
| WARQ 93.5 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WHXT 103.9 | 2003–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WMFX 102.3 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WWDM 101.3 | 2000–2012 | Alpha Media | |
| WZMJ 93.1 | 2003–2012 | Lake Murray Communications |
See also
References
- ^ "Changing Hands." Broadcasting, July 3, 1972, pg. 23. [1]
- ^ "Changing Hands." Broadcasting, July 29, 1974, pg. 21. [2]
- ^ 9E07EFDE1038F931A35751C0A964948260 Inner City Broadcasting Plans to Buy the Apollo, Published: February 2, 1982: New York Times
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=7sIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=inner+city+broadcasting+apollo+theatre&source=bl&ots=iJ4dQkgA5G&sig=6OJOmKY4phF_9OQsowcanmyDjkg&hl=en&ei=PFxUTvumCovF0AGapaHcAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CGIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=inner%20city%20broadcasting%20apollo%20theatre&f=false
- ^ "Quetzal JPMorgan Partners - Portfolio".
- ^ "Quetzal/J.P. Morgan Partners Sells Stock in Inner City Broadcasting". 2004-08-13.
- ^ "Creditors seek black radio company's bankruptcy". Reuters. August 22, 2011.