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International Botanical Congress

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International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900; the XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Australia, 24–30 July 2011,[1] and the XIX IBC will be held in Shenzhen, China, 23–29 July 2017.[2]

The IBC has the power to alter the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) at the XVIII IBC. Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session; in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section. The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code: this includes ratifying recommendations from sub-committees on conservation. To reduce the risk of a hasty decision the Nomenclature Section adopts a 60% majority requirement for any change not already recommended by a committee.

History

Postage stamp for the 1975 congress

Prior to the first International Botanical Congress, local congresses concerned with natural sciences generally had grown to be very large, and a more specialized but also international meeting was considered desirable.[3] The first annual IBC was held in 1864 in Brussels, in conjunction with an international horticultural exhibit.[3] At the second annual congress (held in Amsterdam), Karl Koch made a proposal to standardize botanical nomenclature, and the third congress (held in London) resolved that this matter would be dealt with by the next congress.

The fourth congress, which had as one of its principal purposes to establish laws of botanical nomenclature, was organized by la Société botanique de France, and took place in Paris in August 1867.[4] The laws adopted were based on those prepared by Alphonse de Candolle. Regular international botanical and/or horticultural congresses were held but made no further changes to nomenclature until the 1892 meeting in Genoa,[3] which made some small changes to the laws of nomenclature.[5] Subsequent meetings are as follows in the table below. The "Code" column shows whether a code of nomenclature was adopted.

[6][7] Year City Country Code Major actions concerning nomenclature
I 1900 Paris  France Decisions on nomenclature deferred.
II 1905 Vienna  Austria Yes First binding Rules of Nomenclature; French became the official language of the meeting; requirement for Latin plant descriptions from 1908 onwards (not enforced); end of the Kew Rule.
III 1910 Brussels  Belgium Yes Separate starting dates for nomenclature of fungi established.
IV 1926 Ithaca  United States Decisions on nomenclature deferred.
V 1930 Cambridge  United Kingdom Yes The type method incorporated; Latin requirement deferred until 1932; "absolute homonym rule" accepted, or "once a later homonym always illegitimate (unless conserved)", which altered the status of many names, including many that had previously been conserved.[8] The Cambridge Code was not published until 1935.[7] This code was accepted by previous proponents of the American Code, ending a period of schism.[9]
VI 1935 Amsterdam  Netherlands English became the official language of the Congress, replacing French. No formal Code was published.[7]
VII 1950 Stockholm  Sweden Yes Adoption of the first International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants;[3] arbitrary dates defined for some foundational works; decision to hold future congresses every five years (except four years for the next one). For fossil plants, organ genera and form genera were introduced.
VIII 1954 Paris  France Yes Two additional principles added, II and III, dealing with types and with priority. Proposals to conserve or reject specific names were rejected, but a committee was established to find ways to improve the stability of names.[10]
IX 1959 Montreal  Canada Yes Presentation of a completely reworked list of conserved and rejected names necessitated by changes made at the 1930 congress,[8] but the list for species was not accepted.[nb 1] Decision that rules of priority do not apply above the rank of family.[12] Starting point for family names to be Antoine Laurent de Jussieu's Genera Plantarum 1789.[11] Choice among French, English, and German official codes of English as the standard in case of discrepancy.[nb 2]
X 1964 Edinburgh  United Kingdom Yes No major changes to the code.[12]
XI 1969 Seattle  United States Yes Established the International Association of Bryologists.
XII 1975 Leningrad  Soviet Union Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); rejection of species names allowed in a few special cases; organ-genera for fossil plants are eliminated, replaced by form-genera.
XIII 1981 Sydney  Australia Yes Official versions of the code in English, French, and German (the English version to take precedence in case of discrepancy); conservation procedure (and rejection) extended to species names "of major economic importance"; fungi starting date restored to 1753 with sanctioned name status established; the types of genera and higher categories become the types of species (i.e., the taxa themselves are no longer types,[13] only specimens or illustrations).
XIV 1987 Berlin  Germany Yes Official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in French, German, and Japanese; conservation extended to species names that represent the type of a conserved generic name.
XV 1993 Tokyo  Japan Yes Moves towards registration of plant names; extensive re-arrangement of the nomenclature code; official version of the code only in (British) English; later translations in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Slovak; conservation extended to all species names; rejection permitted for any name that would cause a disadvantageous nomenclatural change; epitype concept introduced.
XVI 1999 St. Louis  United States Yes Refinement of type requirements; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 1958; morphotaxa for fossils. Proposals defeated included the BioCode and registration of plant names.
XVII 2005 Vienna  Austria Yes Morphotaxa and regular taxa for fossils; illustrations as types mostly forbidden from 2007; glossary added to the code of nomenclature.
XVIII 2011 Melbourne  Australia Yes Electronic publication permitted; registration of fungal names; English or Latin descriptions (or diagnoses) from 2012; the concepts of anamorph and teleomorph (for fungi) and morphotaxa (for fossils) eliminated.

Notes

  1. ^ "The proposals concerning the question of possible nomina specifica conservanda c.q. rejicienda did not result in any legislative action but were followed by an attempt to assess first the real scope of the problem before changing the rules. This may seem a minor step forward. In fact I believe it is the first real progress that has been made towards solving this difficult problem.[11] Preface by J. Lanjouw
  2. ^ "As before, the Nomenclature Section decided that the Code should be published in English, French and German languages. The three texts are all official, but, should there be any inconsistency between the versions, it is agree to regard the English one arbitrarily as correct."[11] Preface by J. Lanjouw

References

  1. ^ http://www.ibc2011.com/
  2. ^ http://www.ibc2017.cn/
  3. ^ a b c d Stafleu, F.A. (1970). "A century of botanical congresses". In R.C. Starr (ed.). XI International Botanical Congress, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A., August 24-September 2, 1969. Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: XI International Botanical Congress, Inc. pp. 9–21.
  4. ^ Alphonse de Candolle (1867). Actes du Congrés international de botanique tenu a Paris en août 1867, sous les auspices de la Société botanique de France (1867).
  5. ^ Atti del Congresso botanico internazionale di Genova 1892 (1893).
  6. ^ "History of IBC". Retrieved 2006-08-10.
  7. ^ a b c Nicolson, D.H. (1991). "A History of Botanical Nomenclature". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 78 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2399589. JSTOR 2399589.
  8. ^ a b Rickett, H.W.; Stafleu, F.A. (1959). "Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda spermatophytorum". Taxon. 8 (7): 213–243. doi:10.2307/1217883.
  9. ^ Weatherby, C.A. (1949). "Botanical Nomenclature Since 1867". American Journal of Botany. 36 (1): 5–7. doi:10.2307/2438113. JSTOR 2438113.
  10. ^ Stafleu, F.A. (1954). "Nomenclature at the Paris Congress". Taxon. 3 (8): 217–225. doi:10.2307/1216598. JSTOR 1216598.
  11. ^ a b c Lanjouw, J.; Baehni, C.; Robyns, W.; Ross, R.; Rousseau, J.; Schopf, J.M.; Schulze, G.M.; Smith, A.C.; Vilmorin, R.d.; Stafleu, F.A.; et al. (1961), Code International de la Nomenclature Botanique/International Code of Botanical Nomenclature/Internationaler Code der botanischen Nomenklatur, Utrecht: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy
  12. ^ a b Stafleu, F.A. (1964). "Nomenclature at Edinburgh". Taxon. 13 (8): 273–282. doi:10.2307/1216194. JSTOR 1216194.
  13. ^ This is a contrast to the ICZN.
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